{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:21:03Z","timestamp":1793298063076,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T19:16:22Z","timestamp":1673896582000},"page":"161672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Juxtaposition of intensive agriculture, vulnerable aquifers, and mixed chemical\/microbial exposures in private-well tapwater in northeast Iowa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"868","author":[{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana W.","family":"Kolpin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrin A.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin M.","family":"Romanok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly L.","family":"Smalling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara E.","family":"Breitmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary C.","family":"Cardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Cwiertny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. William","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Focazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Beane Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie E.","family":"Givens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon L.","family":"Hager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Hladik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan N.","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rena R.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie K.","family":"Kanagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael F.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Blaine","family":"McCleskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Medgyesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth K.","family":"Medlock-Kakaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Meppelink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana A.","family":"Stavreva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary H.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104362","article-title":"The agricultural health study","volume":"104","author":"Alavanja","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.02.013","article-title":"Mixture effects in samples of multiple contaminants\u2013an inter-laboratory study with manifold bioassays","volume":"114","author":"Altenburger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0751","article-title":"Policy statement: drinking water from private wells and risks to children","volume":"123","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.5.777","article-title":"Fluoride supplementation for children: interim policy recommendations","volume":"95","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics: Committee on Nutrition","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-6","article-title":"Modeled nitrate levels in well water supplies and prevalence of abnormal thyroid conditions among the Old Order Amish in Pennsylvania","volume":"11","author":"Aschebrook-Kilfoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206316","article-title":"Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) for environmental development and transfer of antibiotic resistance","volume":"121","author":"Ashbolt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-016-9907-0","article-title":"Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical mixtures: demands, gaps, and possible bridges","volume":"18","author":"Backhaus","year":"2016","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.006","article-title":"Toxicological risk assessment and prioritization of drinking water relevant contaminants of emerging concern","volume":"118","author":"Baken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8713","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01613","article-title":"An\u201c EAR\u201d on environmental surveillance and monitoring: a case study on the use of exposure-activity ratios (EARs) to prioritize sites, chemicals, and bioactivities of concern in Great Lakes waters","volume":"51","author":"Blackwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0050","first-page":"15","article-title":"Water quality and brain function","author":"Bondy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP7813","article-title":"Sources and risk factors for nitrate and microbial contamination of private household wells in the fractured dolomite aquifer of northeastern Wisconsin","volume":"129","author":"Borchardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00012","article-title":"Expanded target-chemical analysis reveals extensive mixed-organic-contaminant exposure in USA streams","volume":"51","author":"Bradley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13972","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b04622","article-title":"Reconnaissance of mixed organic and inorganic chemicals in private and public supply tapwaters at selected residential and workplace sites in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Bradley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137236","article-title":"Mixed organic and inorganic tapwater exposures and potential effects in greater Chicago area, USA","volume":"719","author":"Bradley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106487","article-title":"Public and private tapwater: comparative analysis of contaminant exposure and potential risk, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA","volume":"152","author":"Bradley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147721","article-title":"Pilot-scale expanded assessment of inorganic and organic tapwater exposures and predicted effects in Puerto Rico, USA","volume":"788","author":"Bradley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0085","first-page":"1772","article-title":"Tapwater exposures, effects potential, and residential risk management in northern plains nations","volume":"2","author":"Bradley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Water."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107701","article-title":"Bottled water contaminant exposures and potential human effects","volume":"171","author":"Bradley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.02.003","article-title":"Trigger values for investigation of hormonal activity in drinking water and its sources using CALUX bioassays","volume":"55","author":"Brand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2002800","article-title":"Challenges to studying the health effects of early life environmental chemical exposures on children\u2019s health","volume":"15","author":"Braun","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206249","article-title":"Prenatal nitrate intake from drinking water and selected birth defects in offspring of participants in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study","volume":"121","author":"Brender","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP7815","article-title":"Quantitative microbial risk assessment for contaminated private wells in the fractured dolomite aquifer of Kewaunee County, Wisconsin","volume":"129","author":"Burch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1897\/07-474.1","article-title":"A review of independent action compared to concentration addition as reference models for mixtures of compounds with different molecular target sites","volume":"27","author":"Cedergreen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090956","article-title":"Private drinking water supplies: challenges for public health","volume":"182","author":"Charrois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.4.1494-1502.2001","article-title":"Occurrence and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in lagoons and groundwater underlying two swine production facilities","volume":"67","author":"Chee-Sanford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0130","series-title":"U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr99193","article-title":"New reporting procedures based on long-term method detection levels and some considerations for interpretations of water-quality data provided by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory","author":"Childress","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP515","article-title":"Effects of neonicotinoid pesticide exposure on human health: a systematic review","volume":"125","author":"Cimino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.190676","article-title":"Estimate of burden and direct healthcare cost of infectious waterborne disease in the United States","volume":"27","author":"Collier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2015.11.017","article-title":"Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 and DNA repair by uranium","volume":"291","author":"Cooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.457","article-title":"Prioritizing chemicals of ecological concern in Great Lakes tributaries using high-throughput screening data and adverse outcome pathways","volume":"686","author":"Corsi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craun, G.F., Brunkard, J.M., Yoder, J.S., Roberts, V.A., Carpenter, J., Wade, T., et al. Causes of outbreaks associated with drinking water in the United States from 1971 to 2006. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2010; 23: 507\u2013528. https:\/\/doilorg\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00077-09.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00077-09"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7759","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01097","article-title":"Factors shaping the human exposome in the built environment: opportunities for engineering control","volume":"51","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0165","author":"De Cicco"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0170","series-title":"U. S. Geological Survey Circular 1360","article-title":"The quality of our Nation's waters: water quality in Principal Aquifers of the United States, 1991-2010","author":"DeSimone","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0175","series-title":"U. S. Geological Survey Circular 1441","article-title":"Estimated use of water in the United States in 2015","author":"Dieter","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5088","DOI":"10.1021\/es506141g","article-title":"Large-scale deployment of seed treatments has driven rapid increase in use of neonicotinoid insecticides and preemptive pest management in U.S. field crops","volume":"49","author":"Douglas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2015.1051243","article-title":"Salmonella: a review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance","volume":"8","author":"Eng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2011.09.005","article-title":"The suitability of concentration addition for predicting the effects of multi-component mixtures of up to 17 anti-androgens with varied structural features in an in vitro AR antagonist assay","volume":"257","author":"Ermler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-016-0796-x","article-title":"Pesticides, including neonicotinoids, in drained wetlands of Iowa\u2019s prairie pothole region","volume":"38","author":"Evelsizer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw680","article-title":"tcpl: the ToxCast pipeline for high-throughput screening data","volume":"33","author":"Filer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6592.2006.00089.x","article-title":"The chemical quality of self-supplied domestic well water in the United States","volume":"26","author":"Focazio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ground Water Monit. Remediat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122139","article-title":"Comparison of detection limits estimated using single- and multi-concentration spike-based and blank-based procedures","volume":"228","author":"Foreman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.05.123","article-title":"Detection of hepatitis E virus and other livestock-related pathogens in Iowa streams","volume":"566-567","author":"Givens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.12.004","article-title":"Nationwide reconnaissance of contaminants of emerging concern in source and treated drinking waters of the United States","volume":"581-582","author":"Glassmeyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.06.010","article-title":"Proposing new approaches for the risk characterisation of single chemicals and chemical mixtures: the source related Hazard Quotient (HQS) and Hazard Index (HIS) and the adversity specific Hazard Index (HIA)","volume":"6","author":"Goumenou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2004814","article-title":"Regulating toxic chemicals for public and environmental health","volume":"15","author":"Gross","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0235","first-page":"9","article-title":"PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis","volume":"4","author":"Hammer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Palaeontol. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0240","series-title":"U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5206","article-title":"Analysis of the herbicide diuron, three diuron degradates, and six neonicotinoid insecticides in water\u2013method details and application to two Georgia streams","author":"Hladik","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2015.1091414","article-title":"The Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture (BEEA) study: rationale, design, methods, and participant characteristics","volume":"78","author":"Hofmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Toxic. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0591","unstructured":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources, 2021a. Sinkholes in Iowa. https:\/\/geodata.iowa.gov\/datasets\/iowadnr::sinkholes-in-iowa\/explore?location=42.066403%2C-91.731018%2C9.23"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0255","author":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP191","article-title":"Nitrate from drinking water and diet and bladder cancer among postmenopausal women in Iowa","volume":"124","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000647","article-title":"Ingested nitrate, disinfection by-products, and kidney cancer risk in older women","volume":"28","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136317","article-title":"Pilot study of global endocrine disrupting activity in Iowa public drinking water utilities using cell-based assays","volume":"714","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0275","author":"Kohn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0280","series-title":"U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2413","article-title":"Herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers in the midcontinental United States, 1991","author":"Kolpin","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00535-5","article-title":"Finding minimal herbicide concentrations in ground water? Try looking for their degradates","volume":"248","author":"Kolpin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7475","article-title":"Bone as a possible target of chemical toxicity of natural uranium in drinking water","volume":"113","author":"Kurttio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2003066","article-title":"Low-level toxicity of chemicals: no acceptable levels?","volume":"15","author":"Lanphear","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0300","article-title":"Prevention of childhood lead toxicity: policy statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Environmental Health","volume":"138","author":"Lanphear","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70318-9","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance\u2014the need for global solutions","volume":"13","author":"Laxminarayan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0310","article-title":"Machine learning models of arsenic in private wells throughout the conterminous United States as a tool for exposure assessment in human health studies","author":"Lombard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"076001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP890","article-title":"Strategies to improve private-well water quality: a North Carolina perspective","volume":"125","author":"MacDonald Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9707","article-title":"Grand rounds: nephrotoxicity in a young child exposed to uranium from contaminated well water","volume":"115","author":"Magdo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139217","article-title":"Fluoride occurrence in United States groundwater","volume":"732","author":"McMahon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134297","article-title":"De facto water reuse: bioassay suite approach delivers depth and breadth in endocrine active compound detection","volume":"699","author":"Medlock Kakaley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0335","article-title":"In vitro effects-based method and water quality screening model for use in pre- and post-distribution treated waters","author":"Medlock Kakaley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy290","article-title":"Generalized concentration addition model predicts glucocorticoid activity bioassay responses to environmentally detected receptor-ligand mixtures","volume":"168","author":"Medlock-Kakaley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0345","series-title":"U.S. Geological Survey data release","article-title":"Target-chemical concentrations, exposure activity ratios, and bioassay results for assessment of mixed-organic\/inorganic chemical exposures in northeast Iowa private-well tapwater, 2018-19","author":"Meppelink","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2016.1211618","article-title":"A framework for cumulative risk assessment in the 21st century","volume":"47","author":"Moretto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1021\/es500371t","article-title":"How a complete pesticide screening changes the assessment of surface water quality","volume":"48","author":"Moschet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0360","series-title":"U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods Book 4 Chapter C4","article-title":"Design, analysis, and interpretation of field quality-control data for water-sampling projects","author":"Mueller","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0365","series-title":"Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process","author":"National Research Council","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17476","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2011547117","article-title":"Environmental racism and the need for private well protections","volume":"117","author":"Nigra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0375","unstructured":"Norman, J.E., Toccalino, P.L., Morman, S.A. Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-quality Data (2nd Ed.). 2018. accessed February 10, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/F71C1TWP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfz201","article-title":"Utility of in vitro bioactivity as a lower bound estimate of in vivo adverse effect levels and in risk-based prioritization","volume":"173","author":"Paul Friedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31055","article-title":"Ingested nitrate and nitrite, disinfection by-products, and pancreatic cancer risk in postmenopausal women","volume":"142","author":"Quist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0390","author":"R Development Core Team"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9910","article-title":"Drinking water with uranium below the US EPA water standard causes estrogen receptor\u2013dependent responses in female mice","volume":"115","author":"Raymond-Whish","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.6b00135","article-title":"ToxCast chemical landscape: paving the road to 21st century toxicology","volume":"29","author":"Richard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1123","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0752","article-title":"Drinking water from private wells and risks to children","volume":"123","author":"Rogan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0410","series-title":"U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018-1098","article-title":"Methods used for the collection and analysis of chemical and biological data for the Tapwater Exposure Study, United States, 2016\u201317","author":"Romanok","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.08.067","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals, perfluorosurfactants, and other organic wastewater compounds in public drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer","volume":"468","author":"Schaider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.12.081","article-title":"Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer","volume":"547","author":"Schaider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.08.023","article-title":"Toxicological relevance of emerging contaminants for drinking water quality","volume":"44","author":"Schriks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3309","article-title":"Environmental surveillance and monitoring\u2014the next frontiers for high-throughput toxicology","volume":"35","author":"Schroeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.02.002","article-title":"Nephrotoxicity of uranium in drinking water from private drilled wells","volume":"109","author":"Seld\u00e9n","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2470","article-title":"Unwell: the public health implications of unregulated drinking water","volume":"125","author":"Seltenrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-020-01107-5","article-title":"Modeling the toxicity of pollutants mixtures for risk assessment: a review","author":"Sigurnjak Bure\u0161","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0450","first-page":"2","article-title":"Campylobacter spp. as a foodborne pathogen: a review","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EW00988D","article-title":"Mixture effects of drinking water disinfection by-products: implications for risk assessment","volume":"6","author":"Stalter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00937","article-title":"Prevalent glucocorticoid and androgen activity in US water sources","volume":"2","author":"Stavreva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2016.08.012","article-title":"Novel cell-based assay for detection of thyroid receptor beta-interacting environmental contaminants","volume":"368-369","author":"Stavreva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EM00586B","article-title":"A critical review on the potential impacts of neonicotinoid insecticide use: current knowledge of environmental fate, toxicity, and implications for human health","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Process Impacts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146762","article-title":"Prevalence of neonicotinoids and sulfoxaflor in alluvial aquifers in a high corn and soybean producing region of the Midwestern United States","volume":"782","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2134\/ael2017.08.0026","article-title":"Neonicotinoid seed treatments: limitations and compatibility with integrated pest management","volume":"2","author":"Tooker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Environ. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0485","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0490","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0495","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0500","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0505","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0510","series-title":"40 C.F.R. \u00a7 136: Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis of Pollutants. 40 C.F.R. \u00a7 136","first-page":"319","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0515","series-title":"40 C.F.R. \u00a7 141 and \u00a7 142: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Lead and Copper Rule Revisions - Pre-Publication Version. 40 C.F.R. \u00a7 141\/142","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0520","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. How EPA Regulates Drinking Water Contaminants. 2021a. accessed July 11, 2021, at https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sdwa\/how-epa-regulates-drinking-water-contaminants."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0525","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides (HHBPs). 2021b. accessed December 17, 2021, at https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sdwa\/2021-human-health-benchmarks-pesticides."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0530","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Private drinking water wells. 2021c. accessed March 30, 2021, at https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/privatewells."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0535","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. 2023. accessed January 9, 2023, at https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ground-water-and-drinking-water\/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0540","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Center for Computational Toxicology. ToxCast Database InvitroDBv3.1. 2019. accessed, at doi:10.23645\/epacomptox.6062623.v3."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0545","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Center for Computational Toxicology. ToxCast Database invitroDBv3.3. 2020. accessed, at doi:10.23645\/epacomptox.6062623.v5."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0550","unstructured":"U.S. Geological Survey. Alluvial and Glacial Aquifers. 2002. accessed, at https:\/\/water.usgs.gov\/lookup\/getspatial?alluvial_and_glacial_aquifers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0555","unstructured":"U.S. Geological Survey. National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2019 Edition, 2021. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/P9KZCM54."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491513000408","article-title":"U.S. Public Health Service recommendation for fluoride concentration in drinking water for the prevention of dental caries","volume":"130","author":"U.S. Public Health Service","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b06379","article-title":"Toward a global understanding of chemical pollution: a first comprehensive analysis of national and regional chemical inventories","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8043","article-title":"Workgroup report: drinking-water nitrate and health - recent findings and research needs","volume":"113","author":"Ward","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071557","article-title":"Drinking water nitrate and human health: an updated review","volume":"15","author":"Ward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0580","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-021-00128-z","article-title":"A critical review of point-of-use drinking water treatment in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Clean Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP629","article-title":"The case for universal screening of private well water quality in the U.S. and testing requirements to achieve it: evidence from arsenic","volume":"125","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969723002875?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969723002875?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T14:18:25Z","timestamp":1738592305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969723002875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"references-count":118,"alternative-id":["S0048969723002875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Juxtaposition of intensive agriculture, vulnerable aquifers, and mixed chemical\/microbial exposures in private-well tapwater in northeast Iowa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161672","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"161672"}}