{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T18:23:18Z","timestamp":1778523798387,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T12:48:33Z","timestamp":1678970913000},"page":"162877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["NH3 concentrations below the current critical level affect the epiphytic macrolichen communities \u2013 Evidence from a Northern European City"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"877","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2675-472X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirkku","family":"Manninen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimmo","family":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Iwanicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sim","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Netty","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.03.018","article-title":"Further evidence of the effects of global warming on lichens, particularly those with trentepohlia phycobionts","volume":"146","author":"Aptroot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-8472(90)90008-R","article-title":"The influence of calcium and magnesium on the growth of the lichens Parmelia saxatilis and Xanthoria parietina on slate substrates","volume":"30","author":"Armstrong","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1998.00180.x","article-title":"Ammonia: emission, atmospheric transport, and deposition","volume":"139","author":"Asman","year":"1998","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0020","series-title":"Monitoring With Lichens \u2013 Monitoring Lichens","first-page":"273","article-title":"Mapping lichen diversity as an indicator of environmental quality","author":"Asta","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0025","series-title":"Phytosociology and Ecology of Cryptogamic Epiphytes","author":"Barkman","year":"1958"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0030","series-title":"Air Pollution Information System. Lichen Diversity Value (LDV) (European Method)","author":"Bealey","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.02.017","article-title":"Comparative use of lichens, mosses and tree bark to evaluate nitrogen deposition in Germany","volume":"189","author":"Boltersdorf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2004.05.009","article-title":"Concentrations of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide at roadside verges, and their contribution to nitrogen deposition","volume":"132","author":"Cape","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2008.09.049","article-title":"Evidence for changing the critical level for ammonia","volume":"157","author":"Cape","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.09.026","article-title":"New insights from comprehensive on-road measurements of NOx, NO2 and NH3 from vehicle emission remote sensing in London, UK","volume":"81","author":"Carslaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1717","article-title":"Mechanisms of nitrogen deposition effects on temperate forest lichens and trees","volume":"8","author":"Carter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-004-1247-0","article-title":"Organic and inorganic nitrogen uptake in lichens","volume":"219","author":"Dahlman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.03.023","article-title":"Diversity and sensitivity of epiphytes to oxides of nitrogen in London","volume":"146","author":"Davies","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.1989.tb01357.x","article-title":"Effects of ammonia emission on epiphytic lichen vegetation","volume":"38","author":"de Bakker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Neerl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00238-5","article-title":"Summer throughfall and winter deposition in the San Bernardino mountains in southern California","volume":"31","author":"Fenn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0080","series-title":"Weather and Sea. Download Observations","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0085","series-title":"Assessing Epiphytic Lichen Diversity. SFS-EN 16413","article-title":"Ambient air. Biomonitoring with lichens","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0090","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contents of amino acids and osmotic values of epiphytic lichens as indicators for regional atmospheric nitrogen loads","volume":"9","author":"Frahm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Lichenol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.09.020","article-title":"Effects of NO2 and NH3 from road traffic on epiphytic lichens","volume":"142","author":"Frati","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.07.063","article-title":"Effects of reduced nitrogen compounds on epiphytic lichen communities in Mediterranean Italy","volume":"407","author":"Frati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.02.076","article-title":"NOx emissions from euro IV busses with SCR systems associated with urban, suburban and freeway driving patterns","volume":"452\u2013453","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.05.019","article-title":"Relationships between lichen community composition and concentrations of NO2 and NH3","volume":"158","author":"Gadsdon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1017\/S0024282904014124","article-title":"Ammonium uptake in the nitrophytic lichen Xanthoria parietina and its effects on vitality and balance between symbionts","volume":"36","author":"Gaio-Oliveira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lichenologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-004-1396-1","article-title":"Nitrogen uptake in relation to excess supply and its effects on the lichens Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach and Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr","volume":"220","author":"Gaio-Oliveira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.04.001","article-title":"Lichen-based critical loads for atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Western Oregon and Washington forests, USA","volume":"158","author":"Geiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118187","article-title":"Lichen-based critical loads for deposition of nitrogen and sulfur in US forests","volume":"291","author":"Geiser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2005.06.001","article-title":"Lichens and tobacco plants as complementary biomonitors for air pollution in Grenoble area (Is\u00e8re, Southeast France)","volume":"6","author":"Gombert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0140","series-title":"The London Datastore","article-title":"London average Air quality levels","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119396","article-title":"Synthesis of lichen response to gaseous nitrogen: ammonia versus nitrogen dioxide","volume":"292","author":"Greaver","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13317","DOI":"10.1021\/es3029389","article-title":"Effects of a combined diesel particle filter-DeNOx system (DPN) on nitrogen compounds emissions: a parameter study","volume":"46","author":"Heeb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0165","series-title":"Air Quality in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area in 2019. Supplements (in Finnish)","author":"HSY","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0170","series-title":"Annual Air Quality Map","author":"HSY","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0175","series-title":"Supplements (in Finnish)","article-title":"Air quality in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area in 2021","author":"HSY","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2022","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0180","article-title":"An operational urban air quality model ENFUSER, based on dispersion modelling and data assimilation","volume":"156","author":"Johansson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1890\/11-2075.1","article-title":"Eutrophic lichens respond to multiple forms of N: implications for critical levels and loads research","volume":"22","author":"Jovan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.03.052","article-title":"Elevated NH3 and NO2 concentrations and nitrogen deposition rates in the vicinity of a highway in southern Bavaria","volume":"39","author":"Kirchner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0195","series-title":"Report in Finnish With an Abstract in English","article-title":"Air quality in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area in 2020","author":"Korhonen","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0200","series-title":"Report in Finnish With an Abstract in English","article-title":"Air quality in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area in 2021","author":"Korhonen","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0205","series-title":"Monitoring With Lichens \u2013 Monitoring Lichens","first-page":"333","article-title":"Measuring bark pH","volume":"7","author":"Kricke","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0024282909007208","article-title":"Biomonitoring with lichens on twigs","volume":"41","author":"Larsen Vilsholm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lichenologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.03.033","article-title":"Lichen and bryophyte distribution on oak in London in relation to air pollution and bark acidity","volume":"146","author":"Larsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3390\/d12090330","article-title":"Are urban communities in successional stasis? A case study on epiphytic lichen communities","volume":"12","author":"Llewellyn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2011.06.005","article-title":"The use of lichen functional groups as indicators of air quality in a Mediterranean urban environment","volume":"13","author":"Llop","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.150","article-title":"Deriving nitrogen critical levels and loads based on the responses of acidophytic lichen communities on boreal urban Pinus sylvestris trunks","volume":"613\u2013614","author":"Manninen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb4165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2021.734556","article-title":"Good agreement between modeled and measured sulfur and nitrogen deposition in Europe, in spite of marked differences in some sites","volume":"9","author":"Marchetto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12712","article-title":"Tracking global change using lichen diversity: towards a global-scale ecological indicator","volume":"8","author":"Matos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2013.05.006","article-title":"Significant decrease in epiphytic lichen diversity in a remote area in the European Alps, Austria","volume":"14","author":"Mayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12304","article-title":"Lichens as ecological indicators in urban areas: beyond the effects of pollutants","volume":"51","author":"Munzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0250","series-title":"Lichen Biology","first-page":"301","article-title":"Lichen sensitivity to air pollution","author":"Nash","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0255","series-title":"ITALIC - The Information System on Italian Lichens. Version 4.0","author":"Nimis","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0260","series-title":"ITALIC - The Information System on Italian Lichens. Version 5.0","author":"Nimis","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2011.02033.x","article-title":"Using lichens functional diversity to assess the effects of atmospheric ammonia in Mediterranean woodlands","volume":"48","author":"Pinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.01.024","article-title":"Tools for determining critical levels of atmospheric ammonia under the influence of multiple disturbances","volume":"188","author":"Pinho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5645","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00259-X","article-title":"Ammonia concentrations and fluxes over a forest in the midwestern USA","volume":"35","author":"Pryor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1039\/c1em10553a","article-title":"Passive ammonia monitoring in the USA: comparing three different sampling devices","volume":"13","author":"Puchalski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00638-1","article-title":"Which factors are responsible for the changing lichen floras of London?","volume":"310","author":"Purvis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.07.097","article-title":"Urban NH3 levels and sources in six major Spanish cities","volume":"119","author":"Reche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.06.028","article-title":"A simple tool for estimating throughfall nitrogen deposition in forests of western North America using lichens","volume":"306","author":"Root","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.01.029","article-title":"Epiphytic macrolichen indication of air quality and climate in interior forested mountains of the Pacific northwest, USA","volume":"53","author":"Root","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2004.11.017","article-title":"Atmospheric nitrogen inputs to the Delaware inland bays: the role of ammonia","volume":"135","author":"Scudlark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119678","article-title":"NO2 air pollution drives species composition, but tree traits drive species diversity of urban epiphytic lichen communities","volume":"308","author":"Sebald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.07.045","article-title":"Modelling relationships between lichen bioindicators, air quality and climate on a national scale: results from the UK OPAL air survey","volume":"182","author":"Seed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0320","first-page":"264","article-title":"Lichens as monitors of nitrogen deposition","volume":"5","author":"S\u00f8chting","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cryptogam. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0325","first-page":"157","article-title":"Epiphyllic cover on spruce needles in Denmark","volume":"34","author":"S\u00f8chting","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Bot. Fenn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-4615-2022","article-title":"Advances in air quality research \u2013 current and emerging challenges","volume":"22","author":"Sokhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.03.045","article-title":"Response of epiphytic lichen communities to decreasing ammonia air concentrations in a moderately polluted area of the Netherlands","volume":"146","author":"Sparrius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.08.008","article-title":"Is bark pH more important than tree species in determining the composition of nitrophytic or acidophytic lichen floras?","volume":"158","author":"Spier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0345","series-title":"Norrlinia","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lichens of Finland","volume":"30","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0350","series-title":"UKEAP (UK Eutrophying and Acidifying Atmospheric Pollutants) 2020 Dataset: National Ammonia Monitoring Network (NAMN)","volume":"April 2021","author":"Stephens","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2001.82","article-title":"Development and types of passive samplers for monitoring atmospheric NO2 and NH3 concentrations","volume":"1","author":"Tang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0360","series-title":"Mapping Manual. III. Mapping Critical Levels for Vegetation","author":"UNECE","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1006\/lich.1998.0177","article-title":"Ranking epiphytic lichen sensitivity to air pollution using survey data: a comparison of indicator scales","volume":"31","author":"van Dobben","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lichenologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1006\/lich.2001.0337","article-title":"Bark pH and susceptibility to toxic air pollutants as independent causes of changes in epiphytic lichen composition in space and time","volume":"33","author":"van Herk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lichenologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0375","first-page":"205","article-title":"Climate change and ammonia from cars as notable recent factors influencing epiphytic lichens in Zeeland, Netherlands","volume":"99","author":"van Herk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bibl. Lichenol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-2829(03)00036-7","article-title":"Long distance nitrogen air pollution effects on lichens in Europe","volume":"35","author":"van Herk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lichenologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0385","series-title":"The influence of nitrogen deposition on community composition in Pinus banksiana forests across Northwestern Canada","author":"Vandinther","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.11.027","article-title":"Ambient ammonia and ammonium aerosols across a region of variable ammonia intensity","volume":"38","author":"Walker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.03.023","article-title":"Characterizing the influence of highways on springtime NO2 and NH3 concentrations in regional forest monitoring plots","volume":"190","author":"Watmough","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1017\/S0024282921000037","article-title":"Weak recovery of epiphytic lichen communities in Sweden over 20 years of rapid air pollution decline","volume":"53","author":"Weldon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lichenologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0405","series-title":"WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide","author":"WHO","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.13158\/heia.23.2.2010.229","article-title":"\u00d6kologische zeigerwerte von flecten \u2013 erweiterte und aktualisierte fassung","volume":"23","author":"Wirth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Herzogia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877_bb0415","series-title":"Atmospheric Ammonia","first-page":"101","article-title":"Macrolichens on twigs and trunks as indicators of ammonia concentrations across the UK \u2013 a practical method","author":"Wolseley","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969723014936?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969723014936?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T15:36:53Z","timestamp":1758728213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969723014936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["S0048969723014936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"NH3 concentrations below the current critical level affect the epiphytic macrolichen communities \u2013 Evidence from a Northern European City","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162877","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"162877"}}