{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T06:42:16Z","timestamp":1793688136849,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-126400OB-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126400OB-C32"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2018\/EMT-4341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2018\/EMT-4341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T02:21:13Z","timestamp":1683166873000},"page":"163963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A review on LED technology in water photodisinfection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"885","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Mart\u00edn-S\u00f3mer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Pablos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ad\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"van Grieken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Marug\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.7b01097","article-title":"Oxidatively generated lesions as internal photosensitizers for pyrimidine dimerization in DNA","volume":"13","author":"Aparici-Espert","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2021.102089","article-title":"Simultaneous removal of antibiotics and inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by photocatalysis: a review","volume":"42","author":"Baaloudj","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11125-z","article-title":"State-of-the-art and current challenges for TiO2\/UV-LED photocatalytic degradation of emerging organic micropollutants","volume":"28","author":"Bertagna Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2020.111865","article-title":"Multiwell plates for obtaining a rapid microbial dose-response curve in UV-LED systems","volume":"207","author":"Betzalel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0025","first-page":"1944","article-title":"An introduction to light-emitting diodes","volume":"43","author":"Bourget","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hort. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.12.005","article-title":"Microbial UV fluence-response assessment using a novel UV-LED collimated beam system","volume":"45","author":"Bowker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127119","article-title":"Enhanced oxidation of carbamazepine by UV-LED\/persulfate and UV-LED\/H2O2 processes in the presence of trace copper ions","volume":"404","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2019.04.004","article-title":"Critical role of the light spectrum on the simulation of solar photocatalytic reactors","volume":"252","author":"Casado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EW00241B","article-title":"LED revolution: fundamentals and prospects for UV disinfection applications","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2011.10.006","article-title":"Multivariate optimization of fecal bioindicator inactivation by coupling UV-A and UV-C LEDs","volume":"285","author":"Chevremont","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EN01318K","article-title":"What will happen when microorganisms \u201cmeet\u201d photocatalysts and photocatalysis?","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2008.923628","article-title":"History, development, and applications of high-brightness visible light-emitting diodes","volume":"26","author":"Dupuis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0065","first-page":"1498","article-title":"A review of the use of semiconductors as catalysts in the photocatalytic inactivation of microorganisms","volume":"11","author":"Elgohary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0070","series-title":"A Precise Model of LED Lighting and Its Application in Uni-form Illumination System","first-page":"1673","volume":"7","author":"Feng-Tie","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2020.101147","article-title":"Assessment of 265-nm UV-LED for direct photolysis and advanced oxidation of N-nitrosamines and 1,4-dioxane","volume":"20","author":"Fujioka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.10.131","article-title":"Novel procedure for the numerical simulation of solar water disinfection processes in flow reactors","volume":"376","author":"Garc\u00eda-Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2020.112044","article-title":"UV-LED disinfection of coronavirus: wavelength effect","volume":"212","author":"Gerchman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2016.4179","article-title":"Efficacy of pulsed 405-nm light-emitting diodes for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation: effects of intensity, frequency, and duty cycle","volume":"35","author":"Gillespie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1143\/APEX.4.082101","article-title":"High output power from 260nm pseudomorphic ultraviolet light-emitting diodes with improved thermal performance","volume":"4","author":"Grandusky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0100","series-title":"UV-LED Overview Part 3- Diode Evolution and Manufacturing","author":"Heathcote","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.06.017","article-title":"Synergy of MS2 disinfection by sequential exposure to tailored UV wavelengths","volume":"143","author":"Hull","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aws2.1148","article-title":"UV LED water disinfection: validation and small system demonstration study","volume":"1","author":"Hull","year":"2019","journal-title":"AWWA Water Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0115","author":"Hutchinson"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0120","article-title":"Application of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LED) to full-scale drinking-water disinfection","volume":"11","author":"Jarvis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water (Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115022","article-title":"Computational modeling of ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) reactor for water treatment","volume":"166","author":"Keshavarzfathy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2019.03.030","article-title":"Radiation modeling of ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) for water treatment","volume":"377","author":"Keshavarzfathy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127058","article-title":"Experimental and computational evaluation of a flow-through UV-LED reactor for MS2 and adenovirus inactivation","volume":"407","author":"Keshavarzfathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2017.10.047","article-title":"UV-LED radiation modeling and its applications in UV dose determination for water treatment","volume":"352","author":"Kheyrandish","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109422","article-title":"Inactivation efficacy of a sixteen UVC LED module to control foodborne pathogens on selective media and sliced deli meat and spinach surfaces","volume":"130","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.11.042","article-title":"Inactivation modeling of human enteric virus surrogates, MS2, Q\u03b2, and \u03a6X174, in water using UVC-LEDs, a novel disinfecting system","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.108458","article-title":"Application of the 222 nm krypton-chlorine excilamp and 280 nm UVC light-emitting diode for the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium in water with various turbidities","volume":"117","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9040619","article-title":"Latest developments in LED drivers","volume":"9","author":"Lamar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0165","series-title":"UV-C LED devices and systems: current and future state","first-page":"22","volume":"20","author":"Lawal","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphys.2021.111144","article-title":"Remarkable enhancement of visible light driven photocatalytic performance of TiO2 by simultaneously doping with C, N, and S","volume":"545","author":"Le","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.06.001","article-title":"Understanding possible underlying mechanism in declining germicidal efficiency of UV-LED reactor","volume":"185","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0180","article-title":"Cu-doped TiO2 hollow nanostructures for the enhanced photocatalysis under visible light conditions","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2015.01.007","article-title":"Application of UVA-LED based photocatalysis for plywood mill wastewater treatment","volume":"143","author":"Levchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.09.030","article-title":"Comparison of UV-LED and low pressure UV for water disinfection: photoreactivation and dark repair of Escherichia coli","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.344","article-title":"Evaluation survey of microbial disinfection methods in UV-LED water treatment systems","volume":"659","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2013.08.193","article-title":"CdS sensitized TiO2 film for photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) by microwave-assisted chemical bath deposition method","volume":"583","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Kojima K. Mawatari T. Emoto R. Nishisaka-Nonaka T. Kim N. Bui T. Shimohata T. Uebanso M. Akutagawa Y. Kinouchi T. Wada M. Okamoto H. Ito K. Tojo T. Daidoji T. Nakaya A. Takahashi Microorganisms irradiation by a combination of different peak-wavelength ultraviolet-light emitting diodes enhances the inactivation of influenza s viruses, (n.d.). doi:10.3390\/microorganisms8071014.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8071014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2020.0092","article-title":"Virus and bacteria inactivation using ultraviolet light-emitting diodes","volume":"38","author":"Martino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2017.05.048","article-title":"Influence of light distribution on the performance of photocatalytic reactors: LED vs mercury lamps","volume":"215","author":"Mart\u00edn-S\u00f3mer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2017.09.032","article-title":"Wavelength dependence of the efficiency of photocatalytic processes for water treatment","volume":"221","author":"Mart\u00edn-S\u00f3mer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10040450","article-title":"Multitarget evaluation of the photocatalytic activity of P25-SiO2 prepared by atomic layer deposition","volume":"10","author":"Mart\u00edn-S\u00f3mer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.001808","article-title":"Modeling the radiation pattern of LEDs","volume":"16","author":"Moreno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2019.04.034","article-title":"Improved discrete ordinate method for accurate simulation radiation transport using solar and LED light sources","volume":"205","author":"Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124183","article-title":"Enhanced numerical simulation of photocatalytic reactors with an improved solver for the radiative transfer equation","volume":"388","author":"Moreno-SanSegundo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2011.02.066","article-title":"Study on UV-LED\/TiO2 process for degradation of Rhodamine B dye","volume":"169","author":"Natarajan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.01.006","article-title":"Application of a novel, continuous-feeding ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) system to disinfect domestic wastewater for discharge or agricultural reuse","volume":"153","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.10.014","article-title":"Effects of single and combined UV-LEDs on inactivation and subsequent reactivation of E. coli in water disinfection","volume":"147","author":"Nyangaresi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.03.080","article-title":"Comparison of the performance of pulsed and continuous UVC-LED irradiation in the inactivation of bacteria","volume":"157","author":"Nyangaresi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2018.11.015","article-title":"Comparison of UV-LED photolytic and UV-LED\/TiO2 photocatalytic disinfection for Escherichia coli in water","volume":"335","author":"Nyangaresi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04015082","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001061","article-title":"Application of UV light\u2013emitting diodes to adenovirus in water","volume":"142","author":"Oguma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2019.022","article-title":"Inactivation of health-related microorganisms in water using UV light-emitting diodes","volume":"19","author":"Oguma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol.Water Supply"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0280","series-title":"Alternating Current Rectifier","author":"Ohl","year":"1946"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00180-4","article-title":"Sublethal effects of ultraviolet a radiation on Enterobacter cloacae","volume":"62","author":"Oppezzo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2021.112129","article-title":"Wavelength-dependent time\u2013dose reciprocity and stress mechanism for UV-LED disinfection of Escherichia coli","volume":"217","author":"Pousty","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.11.047","article-title":"Inactivation kinetics and efficiencies of UV-LEDs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, and surrogate microorganisms","volume":"130","author":"Rattanakul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2017.09.042","article-title":"Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus in visible light by morphology tuned \u03b1-NiMoO4","volume":"350","author":"Ray","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.1987.1073430","article-title":"Research at Lincoln Laboratory leading up to the development of the injection laser in 1962","volume":"23","author":"Rediker","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2013.10.008","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of dyes by CdS microspheres under near UV and blue LED radiation","volume":"120","author":"Repo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2020.118853","article-title":"An approach to the photocatalytic mechanism in the TiO2-nanomaterials microorganism interface for the control of infectious processes","volume":"270","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0320","series-title":"Semicond. Devices Pioneer. Pap","first-page":"879","article-title":"A note on carborundum","author":"Round","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.E. Beck, H. Ryu, L.A. Boczek, J.L. Cashdollar, K.M. Jeanis, J.S. Rosenblum, O.R. Lawal, K.G. Linden, Evaluating UV-C LED disinfection performance and investigating potential dual-wavelength synergy, Water Res. 109 (n.d.) 207\u2013216. doi:10.1016\/j.watres.2016.11.024.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.11.024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.101909","article-title":"Photocatalytic disinfection of micro-organisms: mechanisms and applications","volume":"24","author":"Saravanan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121968","article-title":"Efficacy of UVC-LED in water disinfection on Bacillus species with consideration of antibiotic resistance issue","volume":"386","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114965","article-title":"Pulsed and continuous light UV LED: microbial inactivation, electrical, and time efficiency","volume":"165","author":"Sholtes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2016.1144798","article-title":"Comparison of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes and low-pressure mercury-arc lamps for disinfection of water","volume":"37","author":"Sholtes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. (UK)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-020-04742-4","article-title":"UV-LED for safe effluent reuse in agriculture","volume":"231","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.08.031","article-title":"Optical fluence modelling for ultraviolet light emitting diode-based water treatment systems","volume":"66","author":"Simons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0360","series-title":"Time Dose Reciprocity in UV Disinfection of Water","author":"Sommer","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.03.020","article-title":"Microorganisms inactivation by continuous and pulsed irradiation of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs)","volume":"343","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.041","article-title":"Microorganisms inactivation by wavelength combinations of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs)","volume":"665","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114875","article-title":"Mechanisms investigation on bacterial inactivation through combinations of UV wavelengths","volume":"163","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.31.002193","article-title":"Precise optical modeling for LED lighting verified by cross correlation in the midfield region","volume":"31","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102108","article-title":"Efficacy of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LED) at four different peak wavelengths against Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by inactivation assay using immunodeficient mice","volume":"77","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2020.116204","article-title":"Impact of surface reflection on microbial inactivation in a UV LED treatment duct","volume":"230","author":"Thatcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2015.12.002","article-title":"Controlled periodic illumination in semiconductor photocatalysis","volume":"319\u2013320","author":"Tokode","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2020.101819","article-title":"Efficiency improvement of a flow-through water disinfection reactor using UV-C light emitting diodes","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.001654","article-title":"Collimating lens for light-emitting-diode light source based on non-imaging optics","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.02.021","article-title":"CFD modeling of a UV-LED photocatalytic odor abatement process in a continuous reactor","volume":"215\u2013216","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0392001JSS","article-title":"Review: on the search for efficient solid state light emitters: past, present, future","volume":"9","author":"Weisbuch","year":"2020","journal-title":"ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.11.015","article-title":"Application of GaN-based ultraviolet-C light emitting diodes - UV LEDs - for water disinfection","volume":"45","author":"W\u00fcrtele","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.05.021","article-title":"Impact of UVA pre-radiation on UVC disinfection performance: inactivation, repair and mechanism study","volume":"141","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.04.056","article-title":"Inactivation\/reactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by a novel UVA\/LED\/TiO2 system","volume":"47","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2016.03.015","article-title":"Decomposition of acetaminophen (Ace) using TiO2\/UVA\/LED system","volume":"282","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.125957","article-title":"UV-LED\/chlorine degradation of propranolol in water: degradation pathway and product toxicity","volume":"248","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2018.08.045","article-title":"Efficient photocatalytic disinfection of Escherichia coli by N-doped TiO2 coated on coal fly ash cenospheres","volume":"367","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116297","article-title":"Removal of micropollutants in drinking water using UV-LED\/chlorine advanced oxidation process followed by activated carbon adsorption","volume":"185","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0455","first-page":"1","article-title":"Technosocial feasibility analysis of solar-powered UV-LED water treatment system in a remote island of Guimaras, Philippines","volume":"9","author":"Yu Jeco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Photonics Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0460","series-title":"Light Emitting Diode Based Photochemical Treatment of Contaminants in Aqueous Phase","author":"Yu","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.149768","article-title":"1T and 2H mixed phase MoS2 nanobelts coupled with Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 nanosheets for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of RhB under visible light","volume":"556","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2007.34","article-title":"The life and times of the LED - a 100-year history","volume":"1","author":"Zheludev","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.10.028","article-title":"Kinetics of inactivation and photoreactivation of Escherichia coli using ultrasound-enhanced UV-C light-emitting diodes disinfection","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.367","article-title":"Enhanced inactivation of E. coli by pulsed UV-LED irradiation during water disinfection","volume":"650","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969723025846?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969723025846?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T23:14:38Z","timestamp":1778714078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969723025846"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["S0048969723025846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A review on LED technology in water photodisinfection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163963","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"163963"}}