{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:57:22Z","timestamp":1793642242229,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T21:36:26Z","timestamp":1689888986000},"page":"165664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Recreational specialization and the marine-based conservation behaviour intention of recreational divers in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"899","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa W.L.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anson T.H.","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lincoln","family":"Fok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis T.O.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411","article-title":"Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach","volume":"103","author":"Anderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/08920753.2011.598813","article-title":"Scuba diver specialization and behavior norms at coral reefs","volume":"39","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Coast. Manag."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2004.03.021","article-title":"Scuba diver behaviour and the management of diving impacts on coral reefs","volume":"120","author":"Barker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative fit indexes in structural models","volume":"107","author":"Bentler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/17461390902874057","article-title":"Recreational diving: re-evaluation of task, environment, and equipment definitions","volume":"9","author":"Bitterman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0030","first-page":"173","article-title":"An exploratory study of adaptive scuba diving\u2019s effects on psychological well-being among military veterans","volume":"54","author":"Blumhorst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Recreat. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.110.2.305","article-title":"Conventional wisdom on measurement: a structural equation perspective","volume":"110","author":"Bollen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.1977.11970328","article-title":"Leisure value systems and recreational specialization: the case of trout fishermen","volume":"9","author":"Bryan","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Leis. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8501_02","article-title":"Factor analytic models: viewing the structure of an assessment instrument from three perspectives","volume":"85","author":"Byrne","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0055","first-page":"61","article-title":"Experiencing the destination brand: behavioral intentions of arts festival tourists","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Destin. Mark. Manag."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2013.832711","article-title":"The motivations and environmental attitudes of nature-based visitors to protected areas in Hong Kong","volume":"21","author":"Cheung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Develop. World Ecol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2016.1251445","article-title":"Recreational specialization and ecologically responsible behaviour of Chinese birdwatchers in Hong Kong","volume":"25","author":"Cheung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0070","article-title":"Predictors of the environmentally responsible behaviour of participants: an empirical investigation of interpretative dolphin-watching tours","volume":"23","author":"Cheung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-013-0023-y","article-title":"Understanding the underwater behaviour of scuba divers in Hong Kong","volume":"51","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0080","series-title":"Applied Structural Equation Modeling Using AMOS: Basic to Advanced Techniques","author":"Collier","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0085","series-title":"A First Course in Factor Analysis","author":"Comrey","year":"1992"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.1.98","article-title":"What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications","volume":"78","author":"Cortina","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10966","article-title":"Sunscreens cause coral bleaching by promoting viral infections","volume":"116","author":"Danovaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0964-5691(95)00004-L","article-title":"Recreational scuba-diving and carrying capacity in marine protected areas","volume":"26","author":"Davis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892906003419","article-title":"Implications for coral reef conservation of diver specialization","volume":"33","author":"Dearden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.1992.11969870","article-title":"Recreation specialization: re-conceptualization from a social worlds perspective","volume":"24","author":"Ditton","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Leis. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0115","first-page":"35","article-title":"Economic benefits of marine protected areas","volume":"36","author":"Dixon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oceanus"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0120","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Commitment to the dominant social paradigm and concern for environmental quality","volume":"65","author":"Dunlap","year":"1984","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Q."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0125","article-title":"Specialization among mountaineers and its relationship to environmental attitudes","volume":"21","author":"Dyck","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Park Recreation Admin."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2005.08.004","article-title":"Changes in octocoral communities and benthic cover along a water quality gradient in the reefs of Hong Kong","volume":"52","author":"Fabricius","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0135","article-title":"Development on the recreational diving tourism in mainland China","volume":"110","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tourism Contemporary Cities"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2015.04.006","article-title":"Marine life preferences and perceptions among recreational divers in Brazilian coral reefs","author":"Giglio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tourism Manag."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0150","first-page":"727","article-title":"Indirect impacts of recreational scuba diving: patterns of growth and predation in branching stony corals","volume":"86","author":"Guzner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Mar. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2020.1820016","article-title":"China\u2019s scuba divers\u2019 marine-based environmental behaviors","volume":"29","author":"Ha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2017.05.009","article-title":"Environmental attitude, motivations and values for marine biodiversity protection","volume":"69","author":"Halkos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Experimental Econ."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2008.06.002","article-title":"Diving down the reefs? Intensive diving tourism threatens the reefs of the northern Red Sea","volume":"56","author":"Hasler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(92)91045-T","article-title":"Effects of recreational SCUBA diving on fore-reef slope communities of coral reefs","volume":"62","author":"Hawkins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5678","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115678","article-title":"Scuba diving as a form of rehabilitation for people with physical disabilities","volume":"18","author":"Henrykowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0180","author":"HKO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0185","first-page":"354","article-title":"An introduction to structural equation modeling","volume":"11","author":"Hox","year":"1998","journal-title":"Family Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/108712002753574765","article-title":"Birder specialization differences in conservation involvement, demographics, and motivations","volume":"7","author":"Hvenegaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Dimens. Wildl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2014.09.006","article-title":"Looking below the surface: the cultural ecosystem service values of UK marine protected areas (MPAs)","volume":"10","author":"Jobstvogt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Services"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291575","article-title":"An index of factorial simplicity","volume":"39","author":"Kaiser","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0215","series-title":"Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas","author":"Kelleher","year":"1999"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jort.2014.09.010","article-title":"Structural relationships between environmental attitudes, recreation motivations, and environmentally responsible behaviors","author":"Kil","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Outdoor Recreation Tourism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11355-016-0301-y","article-title":"Measuring hiking specialization and identification of latent profiles of hikers","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb4000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-011-9640-9","article-title":"Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: a literature review","volume":"47","author":"Krumpal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/01490409209513169","article-title":"Does specialization affect behavioral choices and quality judgments among hunters?","volume":"14","author":"Kuentzel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Leis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.06.027","article-title":"Scuba diving damage and intensity of tourist activities increases coral disease prevalence","volume":"178","author":"Lamb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-015-0488-y","article-title":"The effects of recreation experience, environmental attitude, and biospheric value on the environmentally responsible behavior of nature-based tourists","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0255","first-page":"1","article-title":"Can recreation specialization negatively impact pro-environmental behavior in hiking activity? A self-interest motivational view","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leisure Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2019.1701679","article-title":"How do recreation experiences affect visitors\u2019 environmentally responsible behavior? Evidence from recreationists visiting ancient trails in Taiwan","volume":"28","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/14724049.2020.1856122","article-title":"Securing sustainable tourism in marine protected areas: lessons from an assessment of scuba divers\u2019 underwater behaviour in non-tropical environments","volume":"20","author":"Lucrezi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ecotour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122565","article-title":"Influencing mechanism of tourist social responsibility awareness on environmentally responsible behavior","volume":"271","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0275","article-title":"How do uses of and gratifications from social media platforms drive responsible birdwatching behavior?","volume":"27","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.2.130","article-title":"Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling","volume":"1","author":"MacCallum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.97.3.562","article-title":"Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: first-and higher order factor models and their invariance across groups","volume":"97","author":"Marsh","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355770X0300196","article-title":"Valuing marine parks in a developing country: a case study of the Seychelles","volume":"8","author":"Mathieu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0300","series-title":"Characteristics and Environmental Attitudes of Coral Reef Divers in the Florida Keys","author":"McCawley","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0305","series-title":"Linking Tourism, the Environment, and Sustainability","first-page":"40","article-title":"Characteristics and environmental attitudes of coral reef divers in the Florida Keys","volume":"323","author":"McCawley","year":"1995"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.2001.11949940","article-title":"Comments on recreational specialization: a critical look at the construct","volume":"33","author":"McFarlane","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Leis. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/01490400490461981","article-title":"Recreation specialization and site choice among vehicle-based campers","volume":"26","author":"McFarlane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leis. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3727\/154427310X12826772784757","article-title":"The influence of scuba divers\u2019 personality, experience, and demographic profile on their underwater behavior","volume":"7","author":"Musa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tour. Mar. Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-016-1224-5","article-title":"Hong Kong\u2019s rich marine biodiversity: the unseen wealth of South China\u2019s megalopolis","volume":"26","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/01490400600745886","article-title":"Using recreation specialization to understand multi-attribute management preferences","volume":"28","author":"Oh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leis. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.2008.11950152","article-title":"Using recreation specialization to understand conservation support","volume":"40","author":"Oh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Leis. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.2012.11950255","article-title":"Predictive linkages between recreation specialization and place attachment","volume":"44","author":"Oh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leis. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2010.545370","article-title":"An examination of recreational divers\u2019 underwater behaviour by attitude\u2013behaviour theories","volume":"14","author":"Ong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Issue Tour."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2012.02.007","article-title":"Examining the influences of experience, personality and attitude on SCUBA divers\u2019 underwater behaviour: a structural equation model","volume":"33","author":"Ong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2011.604407","article-title":"SCUBA divers\u2019 underwater responsible behaviour: can environmental concern and divers\u2019 attitude make a difference?","volume":"15","author":"Ong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Issue Tour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0360","author":"PADI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb3000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-015-9935-8","article-title":"The cost of Mediterranean Sea warming and acidification: a choice experiment among scuba divers at Medes Islands, Spain","volume":"63","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2019.105002","article-title":"Country borders and the value of scuba diving in an estuary","volume":"184","author":"Rousseau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0385","article-title":"Racial, ethnic, and social patterns in the recreation specialization of birdwatchers: an analysis of United States eBird registrants","volume":"35","author":"Rutter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1108\/WHATT-03-2013-0015","article-title":"Influence of scuba divers' specialization on their underwater behavior","volume":"5","author":"Salim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Worldwide Hospital. Tour. Themes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/10871200591003436","article-title":"Recreation specialization and anglers\u2019 attitudes towards restricted fishing areas","volume":"10","author":"Salz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Dimens. Wildl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0400","series-title":"Advice on Exploratory Factor Analysis","author":"Samuels","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.02.019","article-title":"Recreational SCUBA divers\u2019 willingness to pay for marine biodiversity in Barbados","volume":"121","author":"Schumann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.2001.11949944","article-title":"Recreational specialization: a critical look at the construct","volume":"33","author":"Scott","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Leis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/10871200590904888","article-title":"Measuring specialization among birders: utility of a self-classification measure","volume":"10","author":"Scott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Dimens. Wildl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0425","series-title":"Exploratory or Confirmatory Factor Analysis?","author":"Suhr","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0430","series-title":"Using Multivariate Statistics","volume":"vol. 5","author":"Tabachnick","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0435","series-title":"How to Choose a Sampling Technique for Research","article-title":"Sampling methods in research methodology; how to choose a sampling technique for research","author":"Taherdoost","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/00958960903439989","article-title":"The mediation effect of outdoor recreation participation on environmental attitude-behavior correspondence","volume":"41","author":"Thapa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3200\/JOEE.37.1.53-68","article-title":"Moderator and mediator effects of scuba diving specialization on marine-based environmental knowledge-behavior contingency","volume":"37","author":"Thapa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Environ. Educ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.2006.11950094","article-title":"Specialization and marine based environmental behaviors among SCUBA divers","volume":"38","author":"Thapa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Leis. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2009.04.008","article-title":"User fees as sustainable financing mechanisms for marine protected areas: an application to the Bonaire National Marine Park","volume":"34","author":"Thur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.1979.11969406","article-title":"The latent structure of the need satisfying properties of leisure activities","volume":"11","author":"Tinsley","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Leis. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916581136001","article-title":"Environmental concern: does it make a difference how it\u2019s measured?","volume":"13","author":"Van Liere","year":"1981","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0480","series-title":"Nursing & Midwifery Research: Methods and Appraisal for Evidence-based Practice","first-page":"140","article-title":"Sampling data and data collection in qualitative research","volume":"vol. 123","author":"Whitehead","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0485","series-title":"Recreation Specialization as a Factor","author":"Williams","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2019.104024","article-title":"Stakeholder collaboration as a major factor for sustainable ecotourism development in developing countries","volume":"78","author":"Wondirad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/01490400.2012.652502","article-title":"Exploring relationships between recreation specialization, restorative environments and mountain hikers\u2019 flow experience","volume":"34","author":"W\u00f6ran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leis. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.09.2.p079","article-title":"A beginner\u2019s guide to factor analysis: focusing on exploratory factor analysis","volume":"9","author":"Yong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tutorials Quantitative Methods Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3390\/su15010447","article-title":"The influence of sociodemographic characteristics and the experience of recreational divers on the preference for diving sites","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969723042870?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969723042870?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T16:12:58Z","timestamp":1758730378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969723042870"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["S0048969723042870"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Recreational specialization and the marine-based conservation behaviour intention of recreational divers in Hong Kong","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165664","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"165664"}}