{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T14:53:05Z","timestamp":1793890385341,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFC1904102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1904102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T11:29:41Z","timestamp":1691666981000},"page":"165970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Electrokinetic remediation for the removal of heavy metals in soil: Limitations, solutions and prospection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"903","author":[{"given":"Zeying","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Degang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(94)00066-P","article-title":"Electrokinetic remediation: basics and technology status","volume":"40","author":"Acar","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1021\/es00049a002","article-title":"Principles of electrokinetic remediation","volume":"27","author":"Acar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0015","first-page":"100","article-title":"The behaviour of heavy metals in sewage sludge-amended soils","author":"Alloway","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1080\/01496390902976681","article-title":"Electrokinetic soil remediation: challenges and opportunities","volume":"44","author":"Alshawabkeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:1(27)","article-title":"Practical aspects of in-situ electrokinetic extraction","volume":"125","author":"Alshawabkeh","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:3(283)","article-title":"Pilot-scale electrokinetic cleanup of lead-contaminated soils","volume":"131","author":"Alshawabkeh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.06.017","article-title":"Lead (II) removal from natural soils by enhanced electrokinetic remediation","volume":"337","author":"Altin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)14076-4","article-title":"Theory of Electroosmosis in soil","volume":"8","author":"Asadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.03.127","article-title":"Electrolyte conditioning-enhanced electrokinetic remediation of arsenic-contaminated mine tailing","volume":"161","author":"Baek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb5000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(98)00216-1","article-title":"Electroextraction of Pb2+ ions from diluted solutions by a process combining ion-exchange textiles and membranes","volume":"120","author":"Basta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.12.018","article-title":"Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils \u2013 to mobilize or to immobilize?","volume":"266","author":"Bolan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0055","series-title":"Biogeodynamics of Pollutants in Soils and Sediments. Environmental Science","article-title":"Mobilization of heavy metals as affected by pH and redox conditions","author":"Bourg","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0060","first-page":"6","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans","author":"Briffa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147277","article-title":"In situ electrokinetic (EK) remediation of the total and plant available cadmium (Cd) in paddy agricultural soil using low voltage gradients at pilot and full scales","volume":"785","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.02.191","article-title":"Enhancement of electro-osmotic flow during the electrokinetic treatment of a contaminated soil","volume":"181","author":"Cameselle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2016.09.002","article-title":"Enhanced electromigration and electro-osmosis for the remediation of an agricultural soil contaminated with multiple heavy metals","volume":"104","author":"Cameselle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0080","first-page":"11","article-title":"Enhanced electrokinetic remediation for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils","author":"Cameselle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. Basel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1080\/03650340.2019.1650917","article-title":"In situ immobilization of zinc polluted soil using thermal-activated serpentine","volume":"66","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Agron. Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2004.03.016","article-title":"Batch washing of cadmium from soil and sludge by a mixture of Na2S2O5 and Na2EDTA","volume":"56","author":"Chaiyaraksa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EW00945K","article-title":"Capacitive deionization and electrosorption for heavy metal removal","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.11.153","article-title":"The loss of mobile ions and the aggregation of soil colloid: results of the electrokinetic effect and the cause of process termination","volume":"258","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.12.135","article-title":"Advantages and challenges of tween 80 surfactant-enhanced technologies for the remediation of soils contaminated with hydrophobic organic compounds","volume":"314","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2020.02.015","article-title":"The removal of Cu, Ni, and Zn in industrial soil by washing with EDTA-organic acids","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5036581","article-title":"Evaluation of acid leaching on the removal of heavy metals and soil fertility in contaminated soil","volume":"2018","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.07.004","article-title":"Enhanced electrokinetic treatment of marine sediments contaminated by heavy metals and PAHs","volume":"81","author":"Colacicco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00060","article-title":"Long-term behavior of defined mixed cultures of Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella oneidensis in bioelectrochemical systems","volume":"7","author":"Engel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.07.046","article-title":"Reactions between bacterial exopolymers and goethite: a combined macroscopic and spectroscopic investigation","volume":"46","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2016.1170425","article-title":"Electrokinetic treatment of an agricultural soil contaminated with heavy metals","volume":"51","author":"Figueroa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health A Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2015.07.041","article-title":"Structure and composition of Fe-OM co-precipitates that form in soil-derived solutions","volume":"169","author":"Fritzsche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.01.092","article-title":"Electrokinetic remediation of chromium (Cr)-contaminated soil with citric acid (CA) and polyaspartic acid (PASP) as electrolytes","volume":"316","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124212","article-title":"Remediation of selenium-contaminated soil through combined use of earthworm Eisenia fetida and organic materials","volume":"405","author":"Gan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0155","first-page":"253","article-title":"An increasing Cr recovery from soil with catholyte-enhanced electrokinetic remediation: effects on voltage redistribution throughout soil sections","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2021.10.024","article-title":"Enhancing phytoremediation of soils polluted with heavy metals","volume":"74","author":"Gavrilescu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1021\/es0264798","article-title":"Chromium remediation or release? Effect of iron(II) sulfate addition on chromium(VI) leaching from columns of chromite ore processing residue","volume":"37","author":"Geelhoed","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2004.02.036","article-title":"Bench- and field-scale evaluation of chromium and cadmium extraction by electrokinetics","volume":"110","author":"Gent","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126607","article-title":"Copper removal from contaminated soil through electrokinetic process with reactive filter media","volume":"252","author":"Ghobadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148668","article-title":"Effective remediation of heavy metals in contaminated soil by electrokinetic technology incorporating reactive filter media","volume":"794","author":"Ghobadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123891","article-title":"Enhanced copper removal from contaminated kaolinite soil by electrokinetic process using compost reactive filter media","volume":"402","author":"Ghobadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2005.03.050","article-title":"Washing enhanced electrokinetic remediation for removal cadmium from real contaminated soil","volume":"123","author":"Giannis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217381","article-title":"The role of pH, electrodes, surfactants, and electrolytes in Electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil","volume":"27","author":"Gidudu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.06.041","article-title":"Microbial fuel cell driving electrokinetic remediation of toxic metal contaminated soils","volume":"318","author":"Habibul","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2006.07.064","article-title":"Testing pulsed electric fields in electroremediation of copper mine tailings","volume":"52","author":"Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1205\/026387699526124","article-title":"Electrodialytic remediation of soil polluted with heavy metals - key parameters for optimization of the process","volume":"77","author":"Hansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1081\/SS-100100767","article-title":"Electrical resistance and transport numbers of ion-exchange membranes used in electrodialytic soil remediation","volume":"34","author":"Hansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.02.216","article-title":"Solar powered electrokinetic remediation of cu polluted soil using a novel anode configuration","volume":"181","author":"Hassan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0225","first-page":"9","article-title":"Application of sulfide-modified nanoscale zerovalent iron electrodes for electrokinetic remediation of chromium-contaminated soil in a three-dimensional electrode system","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4724","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900226k","article-title":"Electrochemistry of conducting polymers\u2014persistent models and new concepts","volume":"110","author":"Heinze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EE01958J","article-title":"A general framework for the assessment of solar fuel technologies","volume":"8","author":"Herron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0240","first-page":"1933","article-title":"Model and experiments on soil remediation by electric fields","volume":"A29","author":"Hicks","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00321-1","article-title":"Evaluation of remediation process with plant-derived biosurfactant for recovery of heavy metals from contaminated soils","volume":"49","author":"Hong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-021-00180-w","article-title":"Biogeochemical control on the mobilization of Cd in soil","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Pollut. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0255","first-page":"7","article-title":"Field-scale electrokinetic remediation of heavy metal contaminated sites","volume":"10","author":"Hui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0260","series-title":"Emerging Technologies for the Remediation of Metals in Soils: Electrokinetics","author":"ITRCWG","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.09.068","article-title":"Revitalization of EDTA-remediated soil by fertilization and soil amendments","volume":"73","author":"Jelusic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3363-0","article-title":"In situ electrokinetic remediation of as-, cu-, and Pb-contaminated paddy soil using hexagonal electrode configuration: a full scale study","volume":"22","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.03.065","article-title":"Application of solar-cells in the electrokinetic remediation of As-contaminated soil","volume":"181","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.03.065","article-title":"Application of solar-cells in the electrokinetic remediation of As-contaminated soil","volume":"181","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2010.03.012","article-title":"Aerobic oxidation of mackinawite (FeS) and its environmental implication for arsenic mobilization","volume":"74","author":"Jeong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2019.104842","article-title":"Degradation of organic contaminants and steel corrosion by the dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganisms Shewanella and Geobacter spp","volume":"147","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.05.128","article-title":"Pulse-enhanced electrokinetic restoration of sulfate-containing saline greenhouse soil","volume":"86","author":"Jo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2004.12.023","article-title":"Zeta potential of soils with surfactants and its relevance to electrokinetic remediation","volume":"120","author":"Kaya","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2011.03.002","article-title":"Research and field experiences on electrokinetic remediation in South Korea","volume":"79","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0310","first-page":"224","article-title":"Field application of in situ electrokinetic remediation for as-, cu-, and Pb-contaminated paddy soil","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.05.076","article-title":"Hexagonal two dimensional electrokinetic systems for restoration of saline agricultural lands: a pilot study","volume":"198-199","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2013.10.007","article-title":"Ex situ pilot scale electrokinetic restoration of saline soil using pulsed current","volume":"120","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2011.04.009","article-title":"Development of pilot-scale electrokinetic remediation technology for uranium removal","volume":"80","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-020-02803-z","article-title":"Electrokinetic remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils: performance comparison between one- and two-dimensional electrode configurations","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.02.078","article-title":"In situ field scale electrokinetic remediation of multi-metals contaminated paddy soil: influence of electrode configuration","volume":"86","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4482","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-2424-0","article-title":"Field application of electrokinetic remediation for multi-metal contaminated paddy soil using two-dimensional electrode configuration","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0345","series-title":"Advances in Agronomy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.agron.2014.10.005","article-title":"Chapter one - mineral\u2013organic associations: formation, properties, and relevance in soil environments","volume":"130","author":"Kleber","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2005.02.042","article-title":"Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of metals-contaminated clay","volume":"265","author":"Kornilovich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(99)00168-2","article-title":"Chromium occurrence in the environment and methods of its speciation","volume":"107","author":"Kotas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1021\/es00049a003","article-title":"Electro reclamation: applications in the Netherlands","volume":"27","author":"Lageman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(00)00251-X","article-title":"A new method to control electrolytes pH by circulation system in electrokinetic soil remediation","volume":"77","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2015.09.015","article-title":"Oxalate-based remediation of arsenic bound to amorphous Fe and Al hydrous oxides in soil","volume":"270","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9354","DOI":"10.1021\/es901544x","article-title":"A novel combination of anaerobic bioleaching and electrokinetics for arsenic removal from mine tailing soil","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0380","series-title":"Kinetic Theory in the Earth Sciences, by Antonio C. Lasaga","first-page":"1","volume":"65","author":"Lerman","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2013.09.018","article-title":"Focusing phenomenon caused by soil conductance heterogeneity in the electrokinetic remediation of chromium (VI)-contaminated soil","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.07.008","article-title":"Comparison of approaching and fixed anodes for avoiding the \u2018focusing\u2019 effect during electrokinetic remediation of chromium-contaminated soil","volume":"203","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3448","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.1c00286","article-title":"Coupling electrokinetics and phytoremediation to remove uranium from contaminated soil: a laboratory pilot-scale study","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153862","article-title":"Speciation of heavy metals in soils and their immobilization at micro-scale interfaces among diverse soil components","volume":"825","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-012-0437-4","article-title":"Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of chromium-contaminated soil using approaching anodes","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.05.045","article-title":"Pilot-scale electrokinetic movement of HCB and Zn in real contaminated sediments enhanced with hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin","volume":"76","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0415","first-page":"14","article-title":"Experimental study on solidification and stabilization of heavy-metal-contaminated soil using cementitious materials","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0420","first-page":"178","article-title":"Influence of different organic materials applied with chemical fertilizers on existing forms of heavy metals in black soil","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1021\/es9703584","article-title":"Electroremediation: removal of heavy metals from soils by using cation selective membrane","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145762","article-title":"A review of the formation of Cr(VI) via Cr(III) oxidation in soils and groundwater","volume":"774","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.10.045","article-title":"Competitive effect of iron(III) on metal complexation by humic substances: characterisation of ageing processes","volume":"67","author":"Lippold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0440","series-title":"Study on the Effect of Bidirectional Pulsed Electric Field on the Form of Lead in Soil and its Enhanced Chemical Leaching","author":"Liu","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/01496395.2010.504201","article-title":"Removal of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solutions by polyaniline on sawdust","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1680\/jgele.22.00060","article-title":"Effects of particle morphology on pore structure and SWRC of granular soils","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechn. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0455","series-title":"Qiguo Zhao Discusses the Problem of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution in China and the Countermeasures to Control It","author":"Liu","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5181","DOI":"10.1021\/es0605016","article-title":"Microbial fuel cells: methodology and technology","volume":"40","author":"Logan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.11.048","article-title":"Electroremediation of a natural soil polluted with phenanthrene in a pilot plant","volume":"265","author":"Lopez-Vizcaino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2018.11.034","article-title":"Calcite buffer effects in electrokinetic remediation of clopyralid-polluted soils","volume":"212","author":"Lopez-Vizcaino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb5005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2018.03.051","article-title":"Selectivity of ion exchange membranes: a review","volume":"555","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.01.033","article-title":"Electrical field: a historical review of its application and contributions in wastewater sludge dewatering","volume":"44","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(12)60162-4","article-title":"Evaluation of remediation process with soapberry derived saponin for removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils in Hai-Pu, Taiwan","volume":"25","author":"Maity","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0485","first-page":"37","article-title":"Electrokinetic remediation of cadmium-spiked clayey medium. Pilot test","volume":"328","author":"Marceau","year":"1999","journal-title":"C. R. Acad. Sci. II A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0490","series-title":"Soil Environmental Quality\u2014Risk Control Standard for Contamination of Agricultural Land","author":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment PM","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(93)90145-M","article-title":"Adsorption and coprecipitation of divalent metals with mackinawite (FeS)","volume":"57","author":"Morse","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(01)00224-2","article-title":"Heavy metal removal from sediments by biosurfactants","volume":"85","author":"Mulligan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb5010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2005.09.005","article-title":"Recent developments on ion-exchange membranes and electro-membrane processes","volume":"119","author":"Nagarale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.06.058","article-title":"Metals removal and recovery in bioelectrochemical systems: a review","volume":"195","author":"Nancharaiah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-703X(98)00006-0","article-title":"Biological oxidation of ferrous sulphate by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: a review on the kinetic aspects","volume":"1","author":"Nemati","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131108","article-title":"Bioleaching for environmental remediation of toxic metals and metalloids: a review on soils, sediments, and mine tailings","volume":"282","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1080\/10934520801973949","article-title":"Utilization of electromigration in civil and environmental engineering - processes, transport rates and matrix changes","volume":"43","author":"Ottosen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health A Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.07.076","article-title":"Mercury speciation during in situ thermal desorption in soil","volume":"300","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.05.139","article-title":"Bioleaching of heavy metals from sewage sludge by indigenous iron-oxidizing microorganisms using ammonium ferrous sulfate and ferrous sulfate as energy sources: a comparative study","volume":"171","author":"Pathak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.11.087","article-title":"Simulation-based analysis of the differences in the removal rate of chlorides, nitrates and sulfates by electrokinetic desalination treatments","volume":"89","author":"Paz-Garcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.04.071","article-title":"Improvement in electrokinetic remediation of heavy metal spiked kaolin with the polarity exchange technique","volume":"62","author":"Pazos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.260.5107.498","article-title":"Removal of contaminants from soils by electric fields","volume":"260","author":"Probstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0550","series-title":"Trace Elements in the Environment: Biogeochemistry, Biotechnology, and Bioremediation","author":"Prrasad","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.22146\/ijc.53283","article-title":"Assessing the effect of weak and strong acids as electrolytes in the removal of cesium by soil electrokinetic remediation","volume":"21","author":"Putra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indones. J. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4025","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA10337A","article-title":"Decoration of the inert basal plane of defect-rich MoS2 with Pd atoms for achieving Pt-similar HER activity","volume":"4","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162840","article-title":"Application of novel polypyrrole\/melamine foam auxiliary electrode in promoting electrokinetic remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil","volume":"876","author":"Qu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.02.029","article-title":"Enhancing electrokinetic lead removal from sediment: utilizing the moving anode technique and increasing the cathode compartment length","volume":"86","author":"Rajic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0575","first-page":"275","article-title":"Extraction of metals from a contaminated sandy soil using citric acid","volume":"19","author":"Raman Bassi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb5015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2016.09.033","article-title":"Ion exchange membranes: new developments and applications","volume":"522","author":"Ran","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0580","series-title":"Studies in Natural Products Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819487-4.00006-9","article-title":"Chapter 6 - polyamines, metallothioneins, and phytochelatins\u2014natural defense of plants to mitigate heavy metals","volume":"69","author":"Raychaudhuri","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(01)00237-0","article-title":"Assessment of electrokinetic removal of heavy metals from soils by sequential extraction analysis","volume":"84","author":"Reddy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0590","first-page":"32","article-title":"Effects of soil moisture and heavy metal concentrations on electrokinetic remediation","author":"Reddy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian Geotechn. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0595","series-title":"Electrochemical Remediation Technologies for Polluted Soils, Sediments and Groundwater","author":"Reddy","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0600","series-title":"Electrochemistry","author":"Rieger","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.12.037","article-title":"Long-term sustainability of metal immobilization by soil amendments: cyclonic ashes versus lime addition","volume":"158","author":"Ruttens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2016.10.058","article-title":"A combination of reducing and chelating agents for electrolyte conditioning in electrokinetic remediation of As-contaminated soil","volume":"70","author":"Ryu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0620","first-page":"72","article-title":"Metals extraction from sulfide ores with microorganisms: the bioleaching technology and recent developments","author":"Sajjad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. Indian Inst. Metals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0625","series-title":"Advances in Molecular Toxicology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64199-1.00007-5","article-title":"Chapter five - zebrafish early life stages for toxicological screening: Insights from molecular and biochemical markers","volume":"12","author":"Santos","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0630","first-page":"80","article-title":"Electrode polarization and charge transport at solid interfaces","author":"Serghei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0635","series-title":"Geoenvironmental Engineering: Site Remediation, Waste Containment, and Emerging Waste Management Technologies","author":"Sharma","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.2166\/aqua.2008.080","article-title":"Chromium removal from water: a review","volume":"57","author":"Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Water Supply Res Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.02.004","article-title":"Comparison of electrokinetic soil remediation methods using one fixed anode and approaching anodes","volume":"150","author":"Shen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-1278-1","article-title":"Colloidal diatomite, radionickel, and humic substance interaction: a combined batch, XPS, and EXAFS investigation","volume":"20","author":"Sheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9820","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8720-3","article-title":"Soil moisture could enhance electrokinetic remediation of arsenic-contaminated soil","volume":"24","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.04.089","article-title":"Electroremediation of contaminated soil by heavy metals using ion exchange fibers","volume":"86","author":"Souilah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.12396","article-title":"Granular activated carbon as a particle electrode in three-dimensional electrochemical treatment of reactive black B from aqueous solution","volume":"35","author":"Sowmiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1211934","article-title":"Enhancing hydrogen evolution activity in water splitting by tailoring Li+-Ni(OH)(2)-Pt interfaces","volume":"334","author":"Subbaraman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.12.019","article-title":"Exploring the interactions and binding sites between cd and functional groups in soil using two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy and synchrotron radiation based spectromicroscopies","volume":"326","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2021.07.008","article-title":"Influence of polarity exchange frequency on electrokinetic remediation of Cr-contaminated soil using DC and solar energy","volume":"153","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.04.033","article-title":"Effects of pulse current on energy consumption and removal of heavy metals during electrodialytic soil remediation","volume":"86","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2012.09.050","article-title":"EDDS-enhanced electrokinetic remediation of heavy metal-contaminated clay soils under neutral pH conditions","volume":"440","author":"Suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4144\/rpsj.62.63","article-title":"Electrokinetic remediation of soils contaminated by cationic metals","volume":"62","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resourc. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(98)00274-X","article-title":"Immobilization of chromium-contaminated soil by means of microwave energy","volume":"65","author":"Tai","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0705","article-title":"Surfactant combined with PASP enhance electrokinetic remediation removal heavy metal and hydrocarbon from contaminated soil","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb5020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1080\/01496398708068970","article-title":"Solvent extraction, membranes, and ion exchange in hydrometallurgical dilute metals separation","volume":"22","author":"Tavlarides","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(02)00930-4","article-title":"Al(III) and Fe(III) binding by humic substances in freshwaters, and implications for trace metal speciation","volume":"66","author":"Tipping","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2004.12.003","article-title":"Assessing effect of electrode configuration on the efficiency of electrokinetic remediation by sequential extraction analysis","volume":"119","author":"Turer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0720","series-title":"In-situ Electrokinetic Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soils Technology Status Report","author":"USAEC","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4918","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b06044","article-title":"Reoxidation of chromium(III) products formed under different biogeochemical regimes","volume":"51","author":"Varadharajan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0605","series-title":"An Overview of the Modeling of Electrokinetic Remediation. Electrokinetic Remediation for Environmental","first-page":"1","author":"Villen-Guzman","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.09.039","article-title":"Aging effects on the mobility of Pb in soil: influence on the energy requirements in electroremediation","volume":"213","author":"Villen-Guzman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)01027-0","article-title":"Electrokinetic soil remediation - critical overview","volume":"289","author":"Virkutyte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0740","first-page":"243","article-title":"Research on aluminium speciation in poor forest soils using the sequential extraction method","volume":"14","author":"Walna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2013.10.001","article-title":"A comprehensive review of microbial electrochemical systems as a platform technology","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.01.029","article-title":"Removal of heavy metals from kaolin using an upward electrokinetic soil remedial (UESR) technology","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.05.019","article-title":"Application of a multi-electrode system with polyaniline auxiliary electrodes for electrokinetic remediation of chromium-contaminated soil","volume":"224","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0760","first-page":"265","article-title":"Remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils by electrokinetic technology: mechanisms and applicability","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.05.016","article-title":"Application of Polypyrrole flexible electrode for electrokinetic remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil in a main-auxiliary electrode system","volume":"373","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123345","article-title":"Removal of inorganic contaminants in soil by electrokinetic remediation technologies: a review","volume":"401","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(97)00008-3","article-title":"EDTA-enhanced electroremediation of metal-contaminated soils","volume":"55","author":"Wong","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"518\u2013523","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0780","first-page":"2829","article-title":"Study on Electrokinetic remediation of PBDEs contaminated soil","volume":"1-6","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127433","article-title":"Activated carbon coupled with citric acid in enhancing the remediation of Pb-contaminated soil by electrokinetic method","volume":"308","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0790","first-page":"25","article-title":"Lab scale-study on the efficiency and distribution of energy consumption in chromium contaminated aquifer electrokinetic remediation","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2019.03.021","article-title":"Efficient removal of chromium from soil in a modified electrokinetic system using iron-treated activated carbon as third electrode","volume":"101","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(97)00139-8","article-title":"Removal of lead from a silt loam soil by electrokinetic remediation","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-019-02459-4","article-title":"Electrokinetic-enhanced remediation of actual arsenic-contaminated soils with approaching cathode and Fe-0 permeable reactive barrier","volume":"20","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2011.01.022","article-title":"Milestone developments, myths, and future directions of electrokinetic remediation","volume":"79","author":"Yeung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.08.047","article-title":"A review on techniques to enhance electrochemical remediation of contaminated soils","volume":"195","author":"Yeung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.08.047","article-title":"A review on techniques to enhance electrochemical remediation of contaminated soils","volume":"195","author":"Yeung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6460","DOI":"10.1021\/es070788m","article-title":"Rates of Arsenopyrite oxidation by oxygen and Fe(III) at pH 1.8\u221212.6 and 15\u221245 \u00b0C","volume":"41","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.06.059","article-title":"Electrokinetic remediation of arsenate spiked soil assisted by CNT-co barrier\u2014the effect of barrier position and processing fluid","volume":"171","author":"Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.07.081","article-title":"Electrokinetic remediation of heavy metals contaminated kaolin by a CNT-covered polyethylene terephthalate yarn cathode","volume":"213","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.09.121","article-title":"Development of novel assisting agents for the electrokinetic remediation of heavy metal-contaminated kaolin","volume":"218","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.03.142","article-title":"The influence of macroelements on energy consumption during periodic power electrokinetic remediation of heavy metals contaminated black soil","volume":"235","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.06.038","article-title":"Use of solar cell in electrokinetic remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil","volume":"162","author":"Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2020.136690","article-title":"Case study: electrochemical geo-oxidation (ECGO) treatment of Massachusetts New Bedford Harbor sediment PCBs","volume":"354","author":"Zanko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-2274-9","article-title":"Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of lead-contaminated soil by complexing agents and approaching anodes","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18846","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2040-0","article-title":"Effect of EDTA and citric acid on absorption of heavy metals and growth of Moso bamboo","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2019.03.014","article-title":"The dissolution and passivation mechanism of chalcopyrite in bioleaching: an overview","volume":"136","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132208","article-title":"In situ removal of cadmium by short-distance migration under the action of a low-voltage electric field and granular activated carbon","volume":"287","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2021.11.001","article-title":"Electrokinetic remediation of Cd-contaminated soil using low voltage gradients coupled with array adsorption zone and polarity exchange","volume":"157","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2017.10.146","article-title":"Insights into the effect of humic acid on Ni(II) sorption mechanism on illite: batch, XPS and EXAFS investigations","volume":"248","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.02.055","article-title":"Electrokinetic remediation of a Cu-Zn contaminated red soil by controlling the voltage and conditioning catholyte pH","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2017.09.006","article-title":"Exchange electrode-electrokinetic remediation of Cr-contaminated soil using solar energy","volume":"190","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970_bb0900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.04.032","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of biochar-microbe interactions in soil improvement and pollution remediation: a review","volume":"227","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969723045953?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969723045953?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T13:52:07Z","timestamp":1787665927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969723045953"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":185,"alternative-id":["S0048969723045953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Electrokinetic remediation for the removal of heavy metals in soil: Limitations, solutions and prospection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165970","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"165970"}}