{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:57:30Z","timestamp":1787954250654,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30ES005022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES005022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD083369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD083369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31ES034269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31ES034269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T03:37:50Z","timestamp":1731037070000},"page":"177300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prenatal exposure to synthetic chemicals in relation to HPA axis activity: A systematic review of the epidemiological literature"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"956","author":[{"given":"Anushka","family":"Pande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn W.","family":"Kinkade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nashae","family":"Prout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadia F.","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zorimar","family":"Rivera-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily S.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.06.011","article-title":"Assessing salivary cortisol in large-scale, epidemiological research","volume":"34","author":"Adam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0459-5","article-title":"A repeated measures study of phenol, paraben and Triclocarban urinary biomarkers and circulating maternal hormones during gestation in the Puerto Rico PROTECT cohort","volume":"18","author":"Aker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.12.124","article-title":"Prenatal di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure and disruption of adrenal androgens and glucocorticoids levels in cord blood: the Hokkaido study","volume":"581-582","author":"Araki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.10.006","article-title":"Prenatal organochlorine pesticide exposure and the disruption of steroids and reproductive hormones in cord blood: the Hokkaido study","volume":"110","author":"Araki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1159\/000124545","article-title":"Human fetal adenohypophysis. Histologic and immunocytochemical analysis","volume":"43","author":"Asa","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-7534","article-title":"Steroid assays and endocrinology: best practices for basic scientists","volume":"155","author":"Auchus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6128","article-title":"Neuroendocrine effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate in rats","volume":"111","author":"Austin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0040","article-title":"The effect of domestic violence during pregnancy on cortisol hormone release, breastfeeding, and newborn","volume":"38","author":"Avc\u0131","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205740","article-title":"Evaluation of biomonitoring data from the CDC National Exposure Report in a risk assessment context: perspectives across chemicals","volume":"121","author":"Aylward","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa909","article-title":"Association of Maternal-Neonatal Steroids with Early Pregnancy Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"106","author":"Banker","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001800","article-title":"A direct androgenic involvement in the expression of human corticotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"11","author":"Bao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0060","article-title":"Target analysis and suspect screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in paired samples of maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, and placenta near fluorochemical plants in Fuxin, China","volume":"307","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107078","article-title":"Prenatal phthalate exposure in relation to placental corticotropin releasing hormone (pCRH) in the CANDLE cohort","volume":"160","author":"Barrett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800412471580","article-title":"Cortisol as a biomarker of stress in term human labor: physiological and methodological issues","volume":"16","author":"Benfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0075","unstructured":"Bernal, J. (2000). Thyroid hormones in brain development and function. In K. R. Feingold, B. Anawalt, M. R. Blackman, A. Boyce, G. Chrousos, E. Corpas, W. W. de Herder, K. Dhatariya, K. Dungan, J. Hofland, S. Kalra, G. Kaltsas, N. Kapoor, C. Koch, P. Kopp, M. Korbonits, C. S. Kovacs, W. Kuohung, B. Laferr\u00e8re, M. Levy, E. A. McGee, R. McLachlan, M. New, J. Purnell, R. Sahay, A. S. Shah, F. Singer, M. A. Sperling, C. A. Stratakis, D. L. Trence, & D. P. Wilson (Eds.), Endotext. MDText.com, Inc. Copyright \u00a9 2000-2024, MDText.com, Inc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-57-2-311","article-title":"Testosterone and androstenedione concentrations in human testis and epididymis during the first two years of life","volume":"57","author":"Bidlingmaier","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-010-0183-1","article-title":"Cortisol levels in pregnancy as a psychobiological predictor for birth weight","volume":"14","author":"Bolten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.01.009","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse is associated with cortisol awakening response over pregnancy: preliminary findings","volume":"37","author":"Bublitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11420","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c08831","article-title":"Fetal glucocorticoid mediates the association between prenatal per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure and neonatal growth index: evidence from a birth cohort study","volume":"57","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calafat, A. M., Wong, L. Y., Kuklenyik, Z., Reidy, J. A., & Needham, L. L. (2007). Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the U.S. population: Data from the National Health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 and comparisons with NHANES 1999-2000. Environ. Health Perspect., 115(11), 1596\u20131602. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.10598.","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10598"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10753","article-title":"Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol a and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003-2004","volume":"116","author":"Calafat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-64-5-1054","article-title":"Plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone concentrations during pregnancy and parturition","volume":"64","author":"Campbell","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1017\/S204017441600074X","article-title":"Sex differences in early-life programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans suggest increased vulnerability in females: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Carpenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(81)90318-5","article-title":"Maternal plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol relationships throughout human pregnancy","volume":"139","author":"Carr","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2023.106930","article-title":"Diurnal cortisol throughout pregnancy and its association with maternal depressive symptoms and birth outcomes","volume":"161","author":"Castro-Quintas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2019-00010","article-title":"Associations of phthalates and phthalate replacements with CRH and other hormones among pregnant women in Puerto Rico","volume":"3","author":"Cathey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141581","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure results in altered CRH, reproductive, and thyroid hormone concentrations during human pregnancy","volume":"749","author":"Cathey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.12.011","article-title":"The cortisol awakening response: more than a measure of HPA axis function","volume":"35","author":"Clow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(03)00074-4","article-title":"Development of cortisol circadian rhythm in infancy","volume":"73","author":"de Weerth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3737","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00677","article-title":"The HPA Axis during the perinatal period: implications for perinatal depression","volume":"159","author":"Dickens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104052","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors and asthma-associated chemicals in consumer products","volume":"120","author":"Dodson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-003-0365-9","article-title":"Androgens and male fertility","volume":"21","author":"Dohle","year":"2003","journal-title":"World. J. Urol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-5-863","article-title":"Longitudinal study of progestins, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids throughout human pregnancy","volume":"68","author":"D\u00f6rr","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa292","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substance exposure early in pregnancy was negatively associated with late pregnancy cortisone levels","volume":"105","author":"Dreyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1159\/000354702","article-title":"Changes in the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy and postpartum: influences on maternal and fetal outcomes","volume":"98","author":"Duthie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245386","article-title":"Impact of maternal prenatal stress by glucocorticoids on metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes in their offspring: a systematic scoping review","volume":"16","author":"Eberle","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-021-00322-8","article-title":"Joint effects of prenatal exposure to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances and psychosocial stressors on corticotropin-releasing hormone during pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Eick","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.06.014","article-title":"Phthalate exposure and childrens neurodevelopment: a systematic review","volume":"142","author":"Ejaredar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0131-2","article-title":"Direct measurement of bisphenol a (BPA), BPA glucuronide and BPA sulfate in a diverse and low-income population of pregnant women reveals high exposure, with potential implications for previous exposure estimates: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Gerona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.09.007","article-title":"Urinary bisphenol a is associated with dysregulation of HPA-axis function in pregnant women: findings from the APrON cohort study","volume":"151","author":"Giesbrecht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0259-8","article-title":"Prenatal bisphenol a exposure and dysregulation of infant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function: findings from the APrON cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Giesbrecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(01)00298-6","article-title":"Umbilical cortisol levels as an indicator of the fetal stress response to assisted vaginal delivery","volume":"98","author":"Gitau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F29","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.89.1.F29","article-title":"Human fetal and maternal corticotrophin releasing hormone responses to acute stress","volume":"89","author":"Gitau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165655","article-title":"Critical review on the presence of phthalates in food and evidence of their biological impact","volume":"17","author":"Giuliani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.10.005","article-title":"Association between maternal and amniotic fluid cortisol is moderated by maternal anxiety","volume":"34","author":"Glover","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130054","article-title":"Sex differences in the HPA axis","volume":"4","author":"Goel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1010","article-title":"EDC-2: the Endocrine Society\u2019s second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals","volume":"36","author":"Gore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP142","article-title":"The Association of Prenatal Exposure to Perfluorinated chemicals with glucocorticoid and androgenic hormones in cord blood samples: the Hokkaido study","volume":"125","author":"Goudarzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2","article-title":"Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development","volume":"27","author":"Gunnar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)67010-1","article-title":"Early care experiences and HPA axis regulation in children: a mechanism for later trauma vulnerability","volume":"167","author":"Gunnar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.10.002","article-title":"Inhibition of human and rat 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases activities by bisphenol a","volume":"215","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.01.002","article-title":"Prenatal stress and children\u2019s cortisol reaction to the first day of school","volume":"30","author":"Gutteling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150015","article-title":"Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical stress response","volume":"6","author":"Herman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257422","article-title":"Revisiting the placental clock: early corticotrophin-releasing hormone rise in recurrent preterm birth","volume":"16","author":"Herrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0275","article-title":"The joint effect of perceived psychosocial stress and phthalate exposure on hormonal concentrations during the early stage of pregnancy: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Hlisn\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.08.134","article-title":"Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) regulates glucocorticoid metabolism through 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 in murine gonadotrope cells","volume":"389","author":"Hong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2017.1356222","article-title":"Developmental origins of the human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"12","author":"Howland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2395","article-title":"A longitudinal study of plasma and urinary cortisol in pregnancy and postpartum","volume":"96","author":"Jung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.04.097","article-title":"Urinary paraben concentrations among pregnant women and their matching newborn infants of Korea, and the association with oxidative stress biomarkers","volume":"461-462","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.125","article-title":"Association of phthalate exposures with urinary free cortisol and 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine in early childhood","volume":"627","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031952","article-title":"Association of Preterm Birth and Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals","volume":"24","author":"Kolan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.031","article-title":"Exposure to bisphenols and parabens during pregnancy and relations to steroid changes","volume":"163","author":"Kolatorova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1359","article-title":"Increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in infancy results in increased androgen action in premature boys","volume":"96","author":"Kuiri-H\u00e4nninen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0320","first-page":"S3","article-title":"The ontogeny of the small intestinal epithelium","volume":"23","author":"Lebenthal","year":"1999","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2015.48.4.275","article-title":"Technical and clinical aspects of cortisol as a biochemical marker of chronic stress","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2004-0025","article-title":"The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy: challenges in disease detection and treatment","volume":"26","author":"Lindsay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169414","article-title":"Associations of maternal exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid during early pregnancy with steroid hormones among one-month-old infants","volume":"912","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1996.24.3.243","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone and related pituitary-adrenal axis hormones in fetal and maternal blood during the second half of pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Lockwood","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0345","first-page":"292","article-title":"Sex differences in adrenocortical structure and function. X. Lipid and corticosterone in the rat adrenal as affected by gonadectomy and testosterone or estradiol replacement","volume":"79","author":"Malendowicz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Endokrinologie"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0595-460","article-title":"A placental clock controlling the length of human pregnancy","volume":"1","author":"McLean","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.046","article-title":"Sex-related differences in the associations between maternal dioxin-like compounds and reproductive and steroid hormones in cord blood: the Hokkaido study","volume":"117","author":"Miyashita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19202","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c03401","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between prenatal exposure to phthalates and steroid hormones in maternal hair samples from the SEPAGES cohort","volume":"57","author":"Mustieles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106616","article-title":"Chemical pollution: a growing peril and potential catastrophic risk to humanity","volume":"156","author":"Naidu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0370","series-title":"Side Effects of Drugs Annual","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.seda.2015.06.007","article-title":"Chapter 47 - miscellaneous drugs, materials, medical devices and techniques","volume":"vol. 37","author":"Nan","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0375","series-title":"Handbook for Conducting a Literature-Based Health Assessment Using OHAT Approach for Systematic Review and Evidence Integration","first-page":"37","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.09.014","article-title":"Maternal prenatal anxiety and downregulation of placental 11\u03b2-HSD2","volume":"37","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13740","article-title":"Exposure to indoor endocrine-disrupting chemicals and childhood asthma and obesity","volume":"74","author":"Paci\u00eancia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97003","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP8973","article-title":"A comprehensive assessment of associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and the placental transcriptomic landscape","volume":"129","author":"Paquette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133778","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting potential of total and bioaccessible extracts of dust from seven different types of indoor environment","volume":"469","author":"Pinto-Vidal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(97)01008-4","article-title":"Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity","volume":"61","author":"Pruessner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5576(99)00009-X","article-title":"Putative role of placental corticotropin-releasing factor in the mechanisms of human parturition","volume":"6","author":"Reis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R125","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-13-0204","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and foetal heart maturation; implications for prematurity and foetal programming","volume":"52","author":"Rog-Zielinska","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-015-9753-9","article-title":"Use of salivary diurnal cortisol as an outcome measure in randomised controlled trials: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Ryan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E183","DOI":"10.25011\/cim.v30i5.2894","article-title":"Measurement of cortisol in human hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure","volume":"30","author":"Sauv\u00e9","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Invest. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0430","first-page":"1313","article-title":"Decreased gene expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in human placenta of patients with preeclampsia","volume":"86","author":"Schoof","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwad198","article-title":"Evaluating mixtures of urinary phthalate metabolites and serum per-\/Polyfluoroalkyl substances in relation to adolescent hair cortisol: the HOME study","volume":"193","author":"Sears","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27482","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161126034","article-title":"Maternal prenatal mental health and placental 11\u03b2-HSD2 gene expression: initial findings from the mercy pregnancy and emotional wellbeing study","volume":"16","author":"Seth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20200200","article-title":"Androgens and the masculinization programming window: human\u2013rodent differences","volume":"48","author":"Sharpe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20216984","article-title":"Trends in serum per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) concentrations in teenagers and adults, 1999-2018 NHANES","volume":"20","author":"Sonnenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(91)90116-K","article-title":"The emergence of adrenocortical circadian function in newborns and infants and its relationship to sleep, feeding and maternal adrenocortical activity","volume":"25","author":"Spangler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1177\/0091217416652382","article-title":"Biologic effects of stress and bonding in mother-infant pairs","volume":"51","author":"Spratt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0465","series-title":"Salivary Cortisol Measurement. Summary of a meeting of the John D. and Catherine T","author":"Stewart","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02140","article-title":"Transfer and metabolism of cortisol by the isolated perfused human placenta","volume":"103","author":"Stirrat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.09.037","article-title":"Associations between repeated measures of maternal urinary phthalate metabolites during pregnancy and cord blood glucocorticoids","volume":"121","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0480","unstructured":"Tal, R., & Taylor, H. S. (2000). Endocrinology of pregnancy. In K. R. Feingold, B. Anawalt, M. R. Blackman, A. Boyce, G. Chrousos, E. Corpas, W. W. de Herder, K. Dhatariya, K. Dungan, J. Hofland, S. Kalra, G. Kaltsas, N. Kapoor, C. Koch, P. Kopp, M. Korbonits, C. S. Kovacs, W. Kuohung, B. Laferr\u00e8re, M. Levy, E. A. McGee, R. McLachlan, M. New, J. Purnell, R. Sahay, A. S. Shah, F. Singer, M. A. Sperling, C. A. Stratakis, D. L. Trence, & D. P. Wilson (Eds.), Endotext. MDText.com, Inc. Copyright \u00a9 2000-2024, MDText.com, Inc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107530","article-title":"Use of high-resolution metabolomics to assess the biological perturbations associated with maternal exposure to bisphenol a and bisphenol F among pregnant African American women","volume":"169","author":"Tchen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.554","article-title":"Mortality and pulmonary outcomes of extremely preterm infants exposed to antenatal corticosteroids","volume":"218","author":"Travers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.10.008","article-title":"Determination of cortisol in serum, saliva and urine","volume":"27","author":"Turpeinen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0500","author":"UNEP"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000180643","article-title":"Changes in fetal and maternal blood levels of prolactin, cortisol, and cortisone during eutocic and dystocic childbirth","volume":"25","author":"Van Cauwenberge","year":"1987","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105999","article-title":"Maternal serum cortisol levels during pregnancy differ by fetal sex","volume":"149","author":"Vrijkotte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b06379","article-title":"Toward a global understanding of chemical pollution: a first comprehensive analysis of national and regional chemical inventories","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7224.1","article-title":"The critical importance of the fetal hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"5","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002727","article-title":"Environmental chemicals in pregnant women in the United States: NHANES 2003-2004","volume":"119","author":"Woodruff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.05.133","article-title":"A mechanism for the effect of endocrine disrupting chemicals on placentation","volume":"231","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00043-9","article-title":"Cortisol levels in adult offspring of holocaust survivors: relation to PTSD symptom severity in the parent and child","volume":"27","author":"Yehuda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0550","article-title":"Transgenerational effects of posttraumatic stress disorder in babies of mothers exposed to the world trade center attacks during pregnancy","volume":"90","author":"Yehuda","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gap054","article-title":"Leukocytes are primed in peripheral blood for activation during term and preterm labour","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2009.09.014","article-title":"Structure-dependent inhibition of human and rat 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 activities by phthalates","volume":"183","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.12.017","article-title":"The inhibition of human and rat 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 by perfluoroalkylated substances","volume":"125","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.09.012","article-title":"Prenatal phthalate exposure and placental size and shape at birth: a birth cohort study","volume":"160","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306681","article-title":"Temporal trends in phthalate exposures: findings from the National Health and nutrition examination survey, 2001-2010","volume":"122","author":"Zota","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969724074576?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969724074576?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T15:28:03Z","timestamp":1732634883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969724074576"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":113,"alternative-id":["S0048969724074576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prenatal exposure to synthetic chemicals in relation to HPA axis activity: A systematic review of the epidemiological literature","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177300","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"177300"}}