{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T22:31:52Z","timestamp":1781562712726,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T01:38:13Z","timestamp":1740965893000},"page":"178939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Optimization of a 6-plex Crystal Digital PCR\u00ae assay and its application to simultaneous surveillance of enteric and respiratory viruses in wastewater"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"970","author":[{"given":"Bikash","family":"Malla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadhana","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Haramoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138764","article-title":"First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: a proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community","volume":"728","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.1c00387","article-title":"Comparison of RT-qPCR and RT-dPCR platforms for the trace detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acs Es&T Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149877","article-title":"Minimizing errors in RT-PCR detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for wastewater surveillance","volume":"805","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167964","article-title":"Evaluation of colorimetric RT-LAMP for screening of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater","volume":"907","author":"Akter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa292","article-title":"The clinical and economic burden of norovirus gastroenteritis in the United States","volume":"222","author":"Bartsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7754","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02388","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology: global collaborative to maximize contributions in the 2 fight against COVID-19","volume":"54","author":"Bivins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e340","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00386-X","article-title":"Wastewater concentrations of human influenza, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, and seasonal coronavirus nucleic-acids during the COVID-19 pandemic: a surveillance study","volume":"4","author":"Boehm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30723-7_3","article-title":"The molecular virology of enteric viruses","volume":"59\u2013130","author":"Buesa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viruses foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb5030","series-title":"2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-time rRT-PCR Panel Primers and Probes","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2021.114230","article-title":"Assessing sensitivity and reproducibility of RT-ddPCR and RT-qPCR for the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater","volume":"297","author":"Ciesielski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116161","article-title":"CrAssphage abundance and correlation with molecular viral markers in Italian wastewater","volume":"184","author":"Crank","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5041617","article-title":"Highly reproducible absolute quantification of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by digital PCR","volume":"87","author":"Devonshire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2022.100224","article-title":"Evaluation of viral concentration and extraction methods for SARS-CoV-2 recovery from wastewater using droplet digital and quantitative RT-PCR","volume":"6","author":"Dimitrakopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13174","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13174","article-title":"Comparison of four digital PCR platforms for accurate quantification of DNA copy number of a certified plasmid DNA reference material","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121726","article-title":"Highly accurate and sensitive diagnostic detection of SARS-CoV-2 by digital PCR","volume":"224","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-019-09369-1","article-title":"Critical evaluation of CrAssphage as a molecular marker for human-derived wastewater contamination in the aquatic environment","volume":"11","author":"Farkas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2010.501351","article-title":"Evaluation of filters for the sampling and quantification of RNA phage aerosols","volume":"44","author":"Gendron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.04.030","article-title":"Measuring and mitigating inhibition during quantitative real time PCR analysis of viral nucleic acid extracts from large-volume environmental water samples","volume":"46","author":"Gibson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804575","article-title":"Norovirus gastroenteritis","volume":"361","author":"Glass","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7413","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02354-13","article-title":"Occurrence of pepper mild mottle virus in drinking water sources in Japan","volume":"79","author":"Haramoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.02.004","article-title":"A review on recent progress in the detection methods and prevalence of human enteric viruses in water","volume":"135","author":"Haramoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140405","article-title":"First environmental surveillance for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and river water in Japan","volume":"737","author":"Haramoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4336","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00077-11","article-title":"Validation of internal controls for extraction and amplification of nucleic acids from enteric viruses in water samples","volume":"77","author":"Hata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8604","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202028g","article-title":"High-throughput droplet digital PCR system for absolute quantitation of DNA copy number","volume":"83","author":"Hindson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-016-9263-3","article-title":"One-year surveillance of human enteric viruses in raw and treated wastewaters, downstream river waters, and drinking waters","volume":"9","author":"Iaconelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12302","article-title":"Novel single-step multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous quantification of hepatitis virus A, B, C, and E in serum","volume":"28","author":"Irshad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2022.116585","article-title":"Biosensors for the detection of disease outbreaks through wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"155","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1548-1557.2003","article-title":"Broadly reactive and highly sensitive assay for Norwalk-like viruses based on real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR","volume":"41","author":"Kageyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.3.1033-1039.2002","article-title":"Development of a virus concentration method and its application to detection of enterovirus and Norwalk virus from coastal seawater","volume":"68","author":"Katayama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.04.087","article-title":"Relative abundance and treatment reduction of viruses during wastewater treatment processes\u2013identification of potential viral indicators","volume":"488","author":"Kitajima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139076","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: state of the knowledge and research needs","volume":"739","author":"Kitajima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0165","author":"Kofu City Waterworks and Sewerage Bureau"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121650","article-title":"Wastewater-based surveillance is an efficient monitoring tool for tracking influenza A in the community","volume":"257","author":"Lehto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129039","article-title":"Uncertainties in estimating SARS-CoV-2 prevalence by wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"415","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c00691","article-title":"Size-controlled engineering photoelectrochemical biosensor for human papillomavirus-16 based on CRISPR-Cas12a-induced disassembly of Z-scheme heterojunctions","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105259","article-title":"Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of acute gastroenteritis from 1997 to 2021: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"161","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20997","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.104020","article-title":"Evaluation of droplet digital PCR for quantification of SARS-CoV-2 virus in discharged COVID-19 patients","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-019-09398-w","article-title":"Evaluation of human- and animal-specific viral markers and application of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus as potential fecal pollution markers to river water in Japan","volume":"11","author":"Malla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb5000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178661","article-title":"Evaluation of plasmid pBI143 for its optimal concentration methods, seasonal impact, and potential as a normalization parameter in wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"965","author":"Malla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158659","article-title":"Application of a high-throughput quantitative PCR system for simultaneous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 variants and other pathogenic viruses in wastewater","volume":"853","author":"Malla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174419","article-title":"Beyond COVID-19: wastewater-based epidemiology for multipathogen surveillance and normalization strategies","volume":"946","author":"Malla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169746","article-title":"Optimization of the 5-plex digital PCR workflow for simultaneous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic viruses in wastewater","volume":"913","author":"Malla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01158-24","article-title":"Multisite community-scale monitoring of respiratory and enteric viruses in the effluent of a nursing home and in the inlet of the local wastewater treatment plant","volume":"90","author":"Manoha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-85068-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of respiratory viruses according to age group, 2023\u201324 winter season, Kyoto, Japan","volume":"15","author":"Matsumura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116160","article-title":"Identification of multiple potential viral diseases in a large urban center using wastewater surveillance","volume":"184","author":"McCall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00357","article-title":"Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 RNA in sewage and correlation with reported COVID-19 prevalence in the early stage of the epidemic in the Netherlands","volume":"7","author":"Medema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Tech. Let."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20076-z","article-title":"Municipal and neighbourhood level wastewater surveillance and subtyping of an influenza virus outbreak","volume":"12","author":"Mercier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0250","author":"Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00150-2","article-title":"Detection of dengue virus and chikungunya virus in wastewater in Portugal: an exploratory surveillance study","volume":"5","author":"Monteiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.10.018","article-title":"One-step real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays for detecting and subtyping pandemic influenza a\/H1N1 2009, seasonal influenza a\/H1N1, and seasonal influenza a\/H3N2 viruses","volume":"171","author":"Nakauchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0265","series-title":"IASR Graph Virus","author":"NIID","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2024.06.003","article-title":"Burden of respiratory syncytial virus infections in older adults with acute respiratory infection in Japan: an epidemiological study among outpatients","volume":"62","author":"Ohbayashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir. Investig."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02606","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02606-22","article-title":"Molecular diversity of human respiratory syncytial virus before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in two neighboring Japanese cities","volume":"11","author":"Ono","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1408.071114","article-title":"Systematic literature review of role of noroviruses in sporadic gastroenteritis","volume":"14","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb5005","series-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175473","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis a and E viruses in wastewater in Asian countries","volume":"951","author":"Raya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118827","article-title":"CrAssphage as an indicator of human-fecal contamination in water environment and virus reduction in wastewater treatment","volume":"221","author":"Sabar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2019.304048","article-title":"Digital PCR\u2013an emerging technology with broad applications in microbiology","volume":"66","author":"Salipante","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160317","article-title":"Wastewater monitoring in tourist cities as potential sentinel sites for near real-time dynamics of imported SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"860","author":"Sangsanont","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030458","article-title":"Epidemiological surveillance of norovirus and rotavirus in sewage (2016\u20132017) in Valencia (Spain)","volume":"8","author":"Santiso-Bell\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05384.x","article-title":"PCR inhibitors\u2013occurrence, properties and removal","volume":"113","author":"Schrader","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(95)00025-P","article-title":"Methods to remove inhibitors in sewage and other fecal wastes for enterovirus detection by the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"54","author":"Shieh","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb5010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165926","article-title":"Monitoring hand foot and mouth disease using long-term wastewater surveillance in Japan: quantitative PCR assay development and application","author":"Shrestha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb5015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169334","article-title":"Estimation of Norovirus infections in Japan: an application of wastewater-based epidemiology for enteric disease assessment","volume":"912","author":"Shrestha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb5020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172447","article-title":"Group A Streptococcus pyogenes in wastewater: applicability of wastewater-based epidemiology for monitoring the prevalence of GAS pharyngitis during the late COVID-19 pandemic phase","volume":"928","author":"Shrestha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb5025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119156","article-title":"High-throughput microfluidic quantitative PCR system for the simultaneous detection of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial and viral pathogens in wastewater","volume":"255","author":"Shrestha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00105","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00105-24","article-title":"Seasonality of respiratory, enteric, and urinary viruses revealed by wastewater genomic surveillance","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9146","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02703","article-title":"Quantitative CrAssphage PCR assays for human fecal pollution measurement","volume":"51","author":"Stachler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170764","article-title":"Evaluating acute gastroenteritis-causing pathogen reduction in wastewater and the applicability of river water for wastewater-based epidemiology in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal","volume":"919","author":"Sthapit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1772678","article-title":"ddPCR: a more accurate tool for SARS-CoV-2 detection in low viral load specimens","volume":"9","author":"Suo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2021.100281","article-title":"Virus reduction at wastewater treatment plants in Nepal","volume":"5","author":"Tandukar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Challenges"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153816","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater, river water, and hospital wastewater of Nepal","volume":"824","author":"Tandukar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881400274X","article-title":"Shedding of norovirus in symptomatic and asymptomatic infections","volume":"143","author":"Teunis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0365","article-title":"Pilot study on wastewater surveillance of dengue virus RNA: lessons, challenges, and implications for future research","volume":"9","author":"Thakali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Chall."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42064-1","article-title":"Wastewater sequencing reveals community and variant dynamics of the collective human virome","volume":"14","author":"Tisza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155663","article-title":"Application of digital PCR for public health-related water quality monitoring","volume":"837","author":"Tiwari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e497","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30545-5","article-title":"Global burden of respiratory infections associated with seasonal influenza in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0385","author":"YCDC"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122382","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus during 2019\u20132022 and surviving genotypes after the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan","volume":"15","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15155","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c03606","article-title":"Smartphone-based electrochemical immunoassay for point-of-care detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein","volume":"94","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939_bb0400","first-page":"0108","article-title":"RNA viral community in human feces: prevalence of plant pathogenic viruses","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969725005741?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969725005741?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T05:53:21Z","timestamp":1741845201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969725005741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["S0048969725005741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Optimization of a 6-plex Crystal Digital PCR\u00ae assay and its application to simultaneous surveillance of enteric and respiratory viruses in wastewater","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178939","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"178939"}}