{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T19:58:12Z","timestamp":1786996692154,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144401\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144401\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.54499\/ 2022.02124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/ 2022.02124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.02124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.02124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T06:53:26Z","timestamp":1741848806000},"page":"179064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Insights towards the impact of subinhibitory chlorhexidine on antimicrobial susceptibility and horizontal gene transfer in Enterococcus faecium"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"972","author":[{"given":"Ana P.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Almeida-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Peixe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana R.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Novais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0010","first-page":"11","article-title":"Plasmids shaped the recent emergence of the major nosocomial pathogen Enterococcus faecium","author":"Arredondo-Alonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02270","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02270-14","article-title":"Widening the spaces of selection: evolution along sublethal antimicrobial gradients","volume":"5","author":"Baquero","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01946-15","article-title":"Core genome multilocus sequence typing scheme for high- resolution typing of Enterococcus faecium","volume":"53","author":"de Been","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02595-15","article-title":"Chlorhexidine induces VanA-type vancomycin resistance genes in enterococci","volume":"60","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chembhaother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0030","article-title":"Reduced chlorhexidine and Daptomycin susceptibility in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium after serial chlorhexidine exposure","volume":"62","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249631","article-title":"ddcP, pstB, and excess D-lactate impact synergism between vancomycin and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecium 1,231,410","volume":"16","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2015.12.019","article-title":"Varying activity of chlorhexidine-based disinfectants against Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates and adapted strains","volume":"93","author":"Bock","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa345","article-title":"ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes","volume":"75","author":"Bortolaia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.131","article-title":"Efflux pump induction by quaternary ammonium compounds and fluoroquinolone resistance in bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Buffet-Bataillon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06211.x","article-title":"LysM, a widely distributed protein motif for binding to (peptido)glycans","volume":"68","author":"Buist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256336","article-title":"Has resistance to chlorhexidine increased among clinically-relevant bacteria? A systematic review of time course and subpopulation data","volume":"16","author":"Buxser","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30882-z","article-title":"Expression profiling in a mammalian host reveals the strong induction of genes encoding LysM domain-containing proteins in Enterococcus faecium","volume":"8","author":"Cacaci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02412-14","article-title":"In silico detection and typing of plasmids using PlasmidFinder and plasmid multilocus sequence typing","volume":"58","author":"Carattoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0075","series-title":"CLSI Document M26-a: Methods for Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0080","series-title":"CLSI Standard M07: Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0085","series-title":"CLSI Standard M100: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020203","article-title":"Transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the hospital setting: uncovering the patient-environment interplay","volume":"8","author":"Correa-Martinez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7330","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01985-15","article-title":"Effects of formulation on microbicide potency and mitigation of the development of bacterial insusceptibility","volume":"81","author":"Cowley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0554-6_12","article-title":"Identification of mutations in laboratory-evolved microbes from next-generation sequencing data using breseq","volume":"1151","author":"Deatherage","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01589","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01589-19","article-title":"2CS-CHX(T) operon signature of chlorhexidine tolerance among Enterococcus faecium isolates","volume":"85","author":"Duarte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.22.2.295","article-title":"Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Streptococcus faecium","volume":"22","author":"Eliopoulos","year":"1982","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.32.10.1528","article-title":"High-level resistance to gentamicin in clinical isolates of Streptococcus (Entero- coccus) faecium","volume":"32","author":"Eliopoulos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0120","author":"Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0125","author":"European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109284","article-title":"Industrial dog food is a vehicle of multidrug-resistant enterococci carrying virulence genes often linked to human infections","volume":"358","author":"Finisterra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5809","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03364-14","article-title":"Transient and sustained bacterial adaptation following repeated sublethal exposure to microbicides and a novel human antimicrobial peptide","volume":"58","author":"Forbes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jimb\/kuab074","article-title":"Assessing the risk of resistance to cationic biocides incorporating realism-based and biophysical approaches","volume":"49","author":"Fox","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa227","article-title":"Linezolid-resistant (Tn6246::fexB-poxtA) Enterococcus faecium strains colonizing humans and bovines on different continents: similarity without epidemiological link","volume":"75","author":"Freitas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106227","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant high-risk Enterococcus faecium clones: can we really define them?","volume":"57","author":"Freitas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106227","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant high-risk Enterococcus faecium clones: can we really define them?","volume":"57","author":"Freitas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00008","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00008-19","article-title":"Adaptation to adversity: the intermingling of stress tolerance and pathogenesis in enterococci","volume":"83","author":"Gaca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04650","article-title":"Adaptation to biocides Cetrimide and chlorhexidine in Bacteria from organic foods: association with tolerance to other antimicrobials and physical stresses","volume":"65","author":"Gadea","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00058","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-18","article-title":"The Enterococcus: a model of adaptability to its environment","volume":"32","author":"Garcia-Solache","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02122","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02122-16","article-title":"The two-component system ChtRS contributes to chlorhexidine tolerance in Enterococcus faecium","volume":"61","author":"Guzman Prieto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28352","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05673-2","article-title":"The impact and mechanism of quaternary ammonium compounds on the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"26","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00894-18","article-title":"Increased usage of antiseptics is associated with reduced susceptibility in clinical isolates of Staphylo- coccus aureus","volume":"9","author":"Hardy","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.1963-1971.2002","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing scheme for Enterococcus faecium","volume":"40","author":"Homan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14826.1","article-title":"Open-access bacterial population genomics: BIGSdb software, the PubMLST.org website and their applications","volume":"3","author":"Jolley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.312","article-title":"Antibiotics and common antibacterial biocides stimulate horizontal transfer of resistance at low concentrations","volume":"616-617","author":"Jutkina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-022-02858-w","article-title":"Antimicrobial biocides susceptibility and tolerance-associated genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates collected from human and environmental sources","volume":"79","author":"Kheljan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2016.02.008","article-title":"Evolution of resistance to cationic biocides in Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"47","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00267","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00267-18","article-title":"EfrEF and the transcription regulator ChlR are required for chlorhexidine stress response in Enterococcus faecalis V583","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0220","article-title":"Low concentration quaternary ammonium compounds promoted antibiotic resistance gene transfer via plasmid conjugation","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00958-3","article-title":"Disinfectants and antiseptics: mechanisms of action and resistance","volume":"22","author":"Maillard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/bms.1200110502","article-title":"A selected ion monitoring assay for chlorhexidine in medical waste water","volume":"11","author":"Matsushima","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biomed. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005271","article-title":"Chlorhexidine bathing for the prevention of colonization and infection with multidrug-resistant micro- organisms in a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation unit over a 9-year period: impact on chlorhexidine susceptibility","volume":"95","author":"Mendes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1407-6","article-title":"Investigating the mobilome in clinically important lineages of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"16","author":"Mikalsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.265","article-title":"Water supply and feed as sources of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus spp. in aquacultures of rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss), Portugal","volume":"625","author":"Novais","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9877-7_8","article-title":"Methods to quantify DNA transfer in Enterococcus","volume":"2075","author":"Novais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.03.011","article-title":"Screening of biocides, metals and antibiotics in Swedish sewage sludge and wastewater","volume":"115","author":"Ostman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0265","article-title":"PlasmidEC and gplas2: An optimised short-read approach to predict and reconstruct antibiotic resistance plasmids in Escherichia coli","author":"Paganini","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0270","first-page":"e00377","article-title":"Benzalkonium chlorides: uses, regulatory status, and microbial resistance","volume":"85","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01176-22","article-title":"Evolution of chlorhexidine susceptibility and of the EfrEF operon among Enterococcus faecalis from diverse environments, clones, and time spans","volume":"10","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02324-23","article-title":"Unraveling Enterococcus susceptibility to quaternary ammonium compounds: genes, phenotypes, and the impact of environmental conditions","volume":"11","author":"Pereira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392018","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1392018","article-title":"Current insights into the effects of cationic biocides exposure on Enterococcus spp","volume":"15","author":"Pereira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1086\/667371","article-title":"Relationship between chlorhexidine gluconate skin concentration and microbial density on the skin of critically ill patients bathed daily with chlorhexidine gluconate","volume":"33","author":"Popovich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.07.009","article-title":"Biocide and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from the swine meat chain","volume":"60","author":"Rizzotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129280","article-title":"Biocides used as material preservatives modify rates of de novo mutation and horizontal gene transfer in bacteria","volume":"437","author":"Schmidt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0305","unstructured":"Seemann T (2015). Snippy: fast bacterial variant calling from NGS reads. https:\/\/github.com\/ tseemann\/snippy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlab173","article-title":"Chlorhexidine gluconate usage is associated with antiseptic tolerance in staphylococci from the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"3","author":"Sethi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2021.0090","article-title":"Reduced susceptibility to biocides among enterococci from clinical and non-clinical sources","volume":"53","author":"Sobhanipoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2015.03.018","article-title":"Quaternary ammonium disinfectants: microbial adaptation, degradation and ecology","volume":"33","author":"Tezel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0325","author":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0330","first-page":"6","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. of animal origin","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44822-y","article-title":"Development of antiseptic adaptation and cross-adapatation in selected oral pathogens in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Verspecht","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2017.07.001","article-title":"Do quaternary ammonium monomers induce drug resistance in cariogenic, endodontic and periodontal bacterial species?","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005595","article-title":"Unicycler: resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads","volume":"13","author":"Wick","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0350","series-title":"WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List, 2024: Bacterial Pathogens of Public Health Importance to Guide Research, Development and Strategies to Prevent and Control Antimicrobial Resistance","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000736","article-title":"Identification and prevalence of RND family multidrug efflux pump oqxAB genes in enterococci isolates from swine manure in China","volume":"67","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b03132","article-title":"Subinhibitory concentrations of disinfectants promote the horizontal transfer of multidrug resistance genes within and across genera","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969725006990?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969725006990?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T14:17:39Z","timestamp":1777472259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969725006990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["S0048969725006990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Insights towards the impact of subinhibitory chlorhexidine on antimicrobial susceptibility and horizontal gene transfer in Enterococcus faecium","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179064","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"179064"}}