{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:54:37Z","timestamp":1791071677114,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001503","name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001503","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T21:13:31Z","timestamp":1742418811000},"page":"179093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Assessment and estimation of runoff and soil loss using novel machine learning techniques for conservation bench terraces"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"973","author":[{"given":"Ambrish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narinder Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bihari Lal","family":"Dhyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uday","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-016-0776-1","article-title":"Impacts of soil and water conservation practices on crop yield, run-off, soil loss and nutrient loss in Ethiopia: review and synthesis","volume":"59","author":"Adimassu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.03.032","article-title":"A new approach for simulating and forecasting the rainfall-runoff process within the next two months","volume":"548","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.3390\/land12071396","article-title":"Erosion and sediment transport modeling: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Andualem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Land"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-008-0342-8","article-title":"Co-active neurofuzzy inference system for evapotranspiration modeling","volume":"13","author":"Aytek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soft. Comput."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2016.014","article-title":"Prediction of side weir discharge coefficient by support vector machine technique","volume":"16","author":"Azamathulla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3390\/w11010085","article-title":"Applicability of \u03b5-support vector machine and artificial neural network for flood forecasting in humid, semi-humid and semi-arid basins in China","volume":"11","author":"Bafitlhile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3390\/su13020542","article-title":"Superiority of hybrid soft computing models in daily suspended sediment estimation in highly dynamic rivers","volume":"13","author":"Bajirao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-021-03681-2","article-title":"Potential of hybrid wavelet-coupled data-driven-based algorithms for daily runoff prediction in complex river basins","volume":"145","author":"Bajirao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38094","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09876-w","article-title":"Suspended sediment load prediction using artificial neural network and ant lion optimization algorithm","volume":"27","author":"Banadkooki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141118","article-title":"Evaluating runoff and sediment responses to soil and water conservation practices by employing alternative modeling approaches","volume":"747","author":"Berihun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.293","article-title":"River suspended sediment modelling using the CART model: a comparative study of machine learning techniques","volume":"615","author":"Choubin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1979.03615995004300040027x","article-title":"Conservation bench terraces for rice in a sub-humid climate","volume":"43","author":"Bhushan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iswcr.2021.08.001","article-title":"Conservation management decreases surface runoff and soil erosion","volume":"10","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2013.09.005","article-title":"Watershed ecosystem modeling of land-use impacts on water quality","volume":"270","author":"Erol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2010.01.001","article-title":"The effects of land uses on soil erosion in Spain: a review","volume":"81","author":"Garc\u00eda-Ruiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2017.12.027","article-title":"Spatial soil erosion estimation using an artificial neural network (ANN) and field plot data","volume":"163","author":"Gholami","year":"2018","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb2005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2016.07.015","article-title":"Modelling soil erosion and its response to the soil conservation measures in the black soil catchment, Northeastern China","volume":"165","author":"Haiyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-014-1141-z","article-title":"A comparative study of support vector machines and artificial neural networks for predicting precipitation in Iran","volume":"119","author":"Hamidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.3390\/w10101333","article-title":"Effects of soil and water conservation practices on runoff, sediment and nutrient losses","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2023.107347","article-title":"Soil and water conservation effects of different types of vegetation cover on runoff and erosion driven by climate and underlying surface conditions","volume":"231","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catena"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5035","DOI":"10.3390\/su14095035","article-title":"Soil and water conservation techniques in tropical and subtropical Asia: a review","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2008.05.021","article-title":"Artificial neural network estimation of soil erosion and nutrient concentrations in runoff from land application areas","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.12.041","article-title":"A wavelet-support vector machine conjunction model for monthly streamflow forecasting","volume":"399","author":"Kisi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2011.11.003","article-title":"Precipitation forecasting by using wavelet-support vector machine conjunction model","volume":"25","author":"Kisi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.01.026","article-title":"Modeling discharge\u2013sediment relationship using neural networks with artificial bee colony algorithm","volume":"428","author":"Kisi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-017-0477-9","article-title":"Modeling of air pollutants using least square support vector regression, multivariate adaptive regression spline, and M5 model tree models","volume":"10","author":"Kisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2023.103495","article-title":"Hydrological evaluation of conservation bench terrace system in outer foothills of Himalayas using soft computing techniques","volume":"132","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A\/B\/C"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-022-01621-7","article-title":"Modeling stage\u2013discharge\u2013sediment using support vector machine and artificial neural network coupled with wavelet transform","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Water Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.3390\/w14091325","article-title":"Modeling average grain velocity for rectangular channel using soft computing techniques","volume":"14","author":"Kumari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689891304249","article-title":"Soil erosion impact on agronomic productivity and environment quality","volume":"17","author":"Lal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111631","article-title":"A comprehensive modeling framework to evaluate soil erosion by water and tillage","volume":"279","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2013.01.012","article-title":"Modeling the daily suspended sediment concentration in a hyperconcentrated river on the Loess Plateau, China, using the Wavelet\u2013ANN approach","volume":"186","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.104352","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness of sustainable land management practices to control runoff, soil erosion, and nutrient loss and the role of rainfall intensity in Mediterranean rainfed agroecosystems","volume":"187","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Mena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catena"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s40899-021-00584-y","article-title":"A review on the applications of machine learning for runoff modeling","volume":"7","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainable Water Resources Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-019-02443-y","article-title":"Assessment of land management practices on soil erosion using SWAT model in a Tunisian semi-arid catchment","volume":"20","author":"Mosbahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb2010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(70)90255-6","article-title":"River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I - A discussion of principles","volume":"10","author":"Nash","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Hydro."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.03.057","article-title":"Applications of hybrid wavelet\u2013artificial intelligence models in hydrology: a review","volume":"514","author":"Nourani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.03.024","article-title":"A geomorphology-based ANFIS model for multi-station modeling of rainfall\u2013runoff process","volume":"490","author":"Nourani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2018.049","article-title":"Data mining based on wavelet and decision tree for rainfall-runoff simulation","volume":"50","author":"Nourani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2010.12.006","article-title":"Impacts of land use and cover type on runoff and soil erosion in a marginal area of Portugal","volume":"31","author":"Nunes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0190","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comparison of various artificial intelligence approaches performance for estimating suspended sediment load of river systems: a case study in United States","volume":"187","author":"Olyaie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12101739","article-title":"Towards the modeling and prediction of the yield of oilseed crops: a multi-machine learning approach","volume":"12","author":"Parsaeian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0200","series-title":"Effect of Conservation Bench Terraces on Soil Moisture Andsorghum Yield","first-page":"126","author":"Prakash","year":"1984"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4590-7","article-title":"Evaluation of wavelet performance via an ANN-based electrical conductivity prediction model","volume":"187","author":"Ravansalar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0210","first-page":"207","article-title":"A conservation bench terrace to increase crop yield in deep black soils","volume":"4","author":"Sastry","year":"1975","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0215","first-page":"1433","article-title":"Hydrologic and sedimentologic behaviour of conservation bench terrace system in a sub humid climate","volume":"45","author":"Sharda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agric. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0220","first-page":"1411","article-title":"Effect of inter-crop based conservation bench terrace system on resource conservation and crop yields in a sub-humid climate of India","volume":"56","author":"Sharda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE (Am. Soc. Agric. Biol. Eng.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.04.055","article-title":"Comparative study of different wavelet based neural network models for rainfall\u2013runoff modeling","volume":"515","author":"Shoaib","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2021.100676","article-title":"Sustainable water management using rainfall-runoff modeling: a geospatial approach","volume":"15","author":"Shyam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Groundw. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb2015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2017.08.024","article-title":"Effect of seven years of nutrient supplementation through organic and inorganic sources on productivity, soil and water conservation, and soil fertility changes of maize-wheat rotation in north-western Indian Himalayas","volume":"249","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2007.04.002","article-title":"Global sensitivity analysis using polynomial chaos expansions","volume":"93","author":"Sudret","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2015.05.015","article-title":"Effects of different management regimes on soil erosion and surface runoff in semi-arid to sub-humid rangelands","volume":"121","author":"van Oudenhoven","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2018.05.016","article-title":"Effects of soil and water conservation techniques on crop yield, runoff and soil loss in sub-Saharan Africa: a review","volume":"207","author":"Wolka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969725007284?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969725007284?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T03:44:01Z","timestamp":1762227841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969725007284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0048969725007284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessment and estimation of runoff and soil loss using novel machine learning techniques for conservation bench terraces","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179093","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"179093"}}