{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:42:09Z","timestamp":1788914529959,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018826","name":"Ontario Ministry of the Environment Conservation and Parks","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T04:43:44Z","timestamp":1746765824000},"page":"179592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Impact of wastewater characteristics and weather events on the N2 and N1 gene target ratios during wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at five treatment plants and an upper sewershed location"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"981","author":[{"given":"Lena Carolin","family":"Bitter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Kibbee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Garant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banu","family":"\u00d6rmeci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110092","article-title":"Decay of SARS-CoV-2 and surrogate murine hepatitis virus RNA in untreated wastewater to inform application in wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"191","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111877","article-title":"Effect of selected wastewater characteristics on estimation of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in wastewater","volume":"203","author":"Amoah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0015","series-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water &Wastewater","author":"APHA","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153290","article-title":"Factors influencing SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater up to the sampling stage: a systematic review","author":"Bertels","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.2c00060","article-title":"Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at a Canadian university campus and the impact of wastewater characteristics on viral RNA detection","author":"Bitter","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Water."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159401","article-title":"Persistence of endogenous RNA biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 and PMMoV in raw wastewater: impact of temperature and implications for wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"857","author":"Burnet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.02.002","article-title":"Survival of surrogate coronaviruses in water","volume":"43","author":"Casanova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162953","article-title":"Recent progress on wastewater-based epidemiology for COVID-19 surveillance: a systematic review of analytical procedures and epidemiological modeling","volume":"878","author":"Ciannella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144786","article-title":"Evaluation of two rapid ultrafiltration-based methods for SARS-CoV-2 concentration from wastewater","volume":"768","author":"For\u00e9s","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163292","article-title":"An improved method for determining frequency of multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater using qPCR assays","volume":"881","author":"Fuzzen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137361","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology approach: the learning lessons from COVID-19 pandemic and the development of novel guidelines for future pandemics","volume":"313","author":"Gagliano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c06191","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater settled solids is associated with COVID-19 cases in a large urban sewershed","volume":"55","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159996","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and comparison to COVID-19 cases in two sewersheds, North Carolina, USA","volume":"858","author":"Grube","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2023.314","article-title":"Frequency and degradation of SARS-CoV-2 markers N1, N2, and E in sewage","volume":"21","author":"Hart","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145274","article-title":"The detection and stability of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA biomarkers in wastewater influent in Helsinki, Finland","volume":"770","author":"Hokaj\u00e4rvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110748","article-title":"Estimating the minimum number of SARS-CoV-2 infected cases needed to detect viral RNA in wastewater: to what extent of the outbreak can surveillance of wastewater tell us?","volume":"195","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8434","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2022.395","article-title":"Estimating sewage flow rate in Jefferson County, Kentucky, using machine learning for wastewater-based epidemiology applications","volume":"22","author":"Kanneganti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174379","article-title":"The comparison of decay rates of infectious SARS-CoV-2 and viral RNA in environmental waters and wastewater","volume":"946","author":"Korajkic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0095","article-title":"Impact of sewer biofilms on fate of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and wastewater surveillance","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Water."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113580","article-title":"Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in dormitories as a part of comprehensive university campus COVID-19 monitoring","volume":"212","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167375","article-title":"Predicting wastewater treatment plant influent in mixed, separate, and combined sewers using nearby surface water discharge for better wastewater-based epidemiology sampling design","volume":"906","author":"Marin-Ramirez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091215","article-title":"Detection and stability of sars-cov-2 fragments in wastewater: impact of storage temperature","volume":"10","author":"Markt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.2c00061","article-title":"Diurnal variability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in hourly grab samples of wastewater influent during low COVID-19 incidence","volume":"2","author":"Mendoza Grijalva","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS ES and T Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177351","article-title":"Effective method to mitigate impact of rain or snowmelt sewer flushing events on wastewater-based surveillance measurements","volume":"956","author":"Mercier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0125","series-title":"Technical Guidance Protocol for Evaluations of RT-qPCR Performance Characteristics","author":"Ministry of Environment, C. and P","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151534","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 monitoring at three sewersheds of different scales and complexity demonstrates distinctive relationships between wastewater measurements and COVID-19 case data","volume":"816","author":"Nagarkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0135","series-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Ontario [WWW Document]","author":"PHO","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162116","article-title":"Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage from buildings housing residents with different vulnerability levels","volume":"872","author":"Pico-Tom\u00e0s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0145","article-title":"Effect of time and temperature on SARS-CoV-2 in municipal wastewater conveyance systems","volume":"14","author":"Schussman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water (Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0150","first-page":"2190","article-title":"Wastewater surveillance using ddPCR accurately tracked Omicron emergence due to altered N1 probe binding efficiency","volume":"8","author":"Schussman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci (Camb)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111374","article-title":"Targeted wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 on a university campus for COVID-19 outbreak detection and mitigation","volume":"200","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcvp.2021.100037","article-title":"Single base mutations in the nucleocapsid gene of SARS-CoV-2 affects amplification efficiency of sequence variants and may lead to assay failure","volume":"1","author":"Storey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Virology Plus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54319-y","article-title":"Real-time evaluation of signal accuracy in wastewater surveillance of pathogens with high rates of mutation","volume":"14","author":"Thakali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118220","article-title":"Detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater influent in relation to reported COVID-19 incidence in Finland","volume":"215","author":"Tiwari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152334","article-title":"Modeling the number of people infected with SARS-COV-2 from wastewater viral load in Northwest Spain","volume":"811","author":"Vallejo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149112","article-title":"Somatic coliphages are conservative indicators of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation during heat and alkaline pH treatments","volume":"797","author":"Varbanov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0761-6","article-title":"Analytical sensitivity and efficiency comparisons of SARS-CoV-2 RT\u2013qPCR primer\u2013probe sets","volume":"5","author":"Vogels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141750","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in raw and treated wastewater in Germany \u2013 suitability for COVID-19 surveillance and potential transmission risks","volume":"751","author":"Westhaus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592_bb0195","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: from detection to evaluation","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Today Adv."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969725012331?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969725012331?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T03:52:14Z","timestamp":1762228334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969725012331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S0048969725012331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impact of wastewater characteristics and weather events on the N2 and N1 gene target ratios during wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at five treatment plants and an upper sewershed location","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179592","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"179592"}}