{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T04:15:28Z","timestamp":1793506528473,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009767","name":"Heriot-Watt University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R513040\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R513040\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T08:56:18Z","timestamp":1748336178000},"page":"179761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Atmospheric carbon dioxide removal using layers of lime"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"985","author":[{"given":"Olivia","family":"Hawrot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phil","family":"Renforth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1021\/ef020152a","article-title":"Conversion limits in the reaction of CO2 with lime","volume":"17","author":"Abanades","year":"2003","journal-title":"Energy Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/es0496221","article-title":"Fluidized bed combustion systems integrating CO2 capture with CaO","author":"Abanades","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"7815","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb2010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2448-9","article-title":"Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands","volume":"583","author":"Beerling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13021-018-0110-8","article-title":"Global carbon dioxide removal rates from forest landscape restoration activities","volume":"13","author":"Bernal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbon Balance Manag."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2219(99)00185-5","article-title":"Liquid-like H2O adsorption layers to catalyze the ca(OH)2\/CO2 solid\u2013gas reaction and to form a non-protective solid product layer at 20\u00b0C","volume":"20","author":"Beruto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2011.11.002","article-title":"Carbon capture and storage using alkaline industrial wastes","volume":"38","author":"Bobicki","year":"2012","journal-title":"In Progress in Energy and Combustion Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c14823","article-title":"Reaction layer formation on MgO in the presence of humidity","volume":"16","author":"Bracco","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb2005","volume":"vol. 31.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1080\/01490451.2011.619638","article-title":"Biogeochemical reduction processes in a hyper-alkaline leachate affected soil profile","volume":"29","author":"Burke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomicrobiol J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0045","article-title":"Geochemical negative emissions technologies: part I","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Review. Frontiers in Climate"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2010.04.009","article-title":"Parametric investigation of the calcium looping process for CO2 capture in a 10 kWth dual fluidized bed","volume":"4","author":"Charitos","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control"},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14804","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.2c01675","article-title":"Carbonation rates of dry ca(OH)2 mortars for CO2 capture applications at ambient temperatures","volume":"61","author":"Criado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.142394","article-title":"Passive direct air capture using calcium oxide powder: the importance of water vapor","volume":"457","author":"Dostie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0075","article-title":"Federal Environmental Quality Guidelines: vanadium","volume":"1999","author":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Canadian Environmental Protection Act"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118330","article-title":"Carbonation of lime-based materials under ambient conditions for direct air capture","volume":"242","author":"Erans","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0085","series-title":"A Competitive and Efficient Lime Industry","author":"EULA","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.08.163","article-title":"Options for managing alkaline steel slag leachate: a life cycle assessment","volume":"202","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.09.111","article-title":"Alkaline residues and the environment: a review of impacts, management practices and opportunities","volume":"112","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.04.127","article-title":"Constructed wetlands for steel slag leachate management: partitioning of arsenic, chromium, and vanadium in waters, sediments, and plants","volume":"243","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb2020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.08.090","article-title":"High-efficiency negative-carbon emission power generation from integrated solid-oxide fuel cell and calciner","volume":"205","author":"Hanak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0105","series-title":"Can lime be used to reverse climate change? Proceedings from British Lime Association UK-Lime Research Symposium 2021","author":"Hawrot","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7781","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0110","first-page":"87","article-title":"The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal","volume":"575","author":"Hepburn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature 2019 575:7781"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-009-9475-x","article-title":"Hyperbolic saturation","volume":"72","author":"Jackson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2020.119628","article-title":"Engineered carbon mineralization in ultramafic rocks for CO2 removal from air: review and new insights","volume":"550","author":"Kelemen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1021\/ie0207111","article-title":"Repetitive carbonation\u2212calcination reactions of ca-based sorbents for efficient CO2 sorption at elevated temperatures and pressures","volume":"42","author":"Kuramoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(96)00279-8","article-title":"Progress on binding CO2 in mineral substrates","volume":"38","author":"Lackner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0145","series-title":"Climate change 2023: synthesis report. Contribution of working groups i, ii and iii to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change","article-title":"Sections","author":"Lee","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99395-6","article-title":"Assessing the carbon capture potential of a reforestation project","volume":"11","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7083129","article-title":"Lime-based sorbents for high-temperature CO2 capture\u2014a review of sorbent modification methods","volume":"7","author":"Manovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7892","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01883","article-title":"Atmospheric CO 2 sequestration in Iron and steel slag: Consett, county Durham, United Kingdom","volume":"52","author":"Mayes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-008-9725-9","article-title":"Hydrogeochemistry of alkaline steel slag leachates in the UK","volume":"195","author":"Mayes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2024.1415642","article-title":"The use of warehouse automation technology for scalable and low-cost direct air capture","volume":"6","author":"McQueen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Clim."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16510-3","article-title":"Ambient weathering of magnesium oxide for CO2 removal from air","volume":"11","author":"McQueen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1021\/ef980266f","article-title":"Product layer diffusion during the reaction of calcium oxide with carbon dioxide","volume":"13","author":"Mess","year":"1999","journal-title":"Energy Fuel"},{"issue":"2117","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2009.0349","article-title":"A model of carbon dioxide dissolution and mineral carbonation kinetics","volume":"466","author":"Mitchell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.12.062","article-title":"Hydration and carbonation reactions of calcium oxide by weathering: kinetics and changes in the nanostructure","volume":"265","author":"Morales-Fl\u00f3rez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1180\/minmag.2015.079.6.16","article-title":"Herbert\u2019s quarry, South Wales \u2013 an analogue for host-rock alteration at a cementitious radioactive waste repository?","volume":"79","author":"Moyce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mineral. Mag."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abc217","article-title":"Direct mineralization of atmospheric CO2 using natural rocks in Japan","volume":"15","author":"Myers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0210","series-title":"Progress in filtration and separation","first-page":"585","article-title":"Surface Area: Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller (BET)","author":"Naderi","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2006.11.003","article-title":"Kinetic analysis of the carbonation reactions for the capture of CO2 from air via the ca(OH)2\u2013CaCO3\u2013CaO solar thermochemical cycle","volume":"129","author":"Nikulshina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-023-02157-1","article-title":"RILEM TC 277-LHS report: how hot are hot-lime-mixed mortars? A review","volume":"56","author":"Pavia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0015","series-title":"Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. Volume 1: the Guidelines. National Water Quality Management Strategy Paper no. 4","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"ANZECC","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0225","unstructured":"The Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2015 (SI 2015\/1623). Available at: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/2015\/1623\/pdfs\/uksiod_20151623_en_auto.pdf (Accessed: 30 April 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.02.067","article-title":"Dry gas\u2013solid carbonation in fluidized beds of ca(OH)2 and nanosilica\/ca(OH)2 at ambient temperature and low CO2 pressure","volume":"222","author":"Pontiga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4314\/wsa.v29i2.4850","article-title":"An empirical study of factors influencing lime slaking. Part II: lime constituents and water composition","volume":"29","author":"Potgieter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water SA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2022.103701","article-title":"Rates of atmospheric CO2 capture using magnesium oxide powder","volume":"119","author":"Rausis","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2009.05.005","article-title":"Carbonate precipitation in artificial soils as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide","volume":"24","author":"Renforth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-019-9845-0","article-title":"Direct capture of carbon dioxide from air via lime-based sorbents","volume":"25","author":"Samari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8049","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00035H","article-title":"A review of mineral carbonation technologies to sequester CO2","volume":"43","author":"Sanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2021.116797","article-title":"On the factors affecting the deactivation of limestone under calcium looping conditions: a new comprehensive model","volume":"243","author":"Scaltsoyiannes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb2015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112765","article-title":"Decarbonising the lime industry: State-of-the-art","volume":"168","author":"Simoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-101718-033129","article-title":"Land-management options for greenhouse gas removal and their impacts on ecosystem services and the sustainable development goals","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2005.01.023","article-title":"Review-calcination and carbonation of limestone during thermal cycling for CO2 sequestration","author":"Stanmore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0275","series-title":"Geochemistry of Rock Samples from the National Geochemical Database","author":"USGS","year":"2008"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.06.020","article-title":"Carbonation reaction of lime, kinetics at ambient temperature","volume":"35","author":"Van Balen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14929","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c04690","article-title":"Armoring of MgO by a passivation layer impedes direct air capture of CO2","volume":"57","author":"Weber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0295","series-title":"Foreword \u2022 carbon dioxide removal primer. CDR primer","author":"Wilcox","year":"2021"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7896","DOI":"10.1021\/ie070135e","article-title":"Properties of Ca-Base CO2 sorbent using ca(OH)2 as precursor","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969725014020?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969725014020?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T09:21:27Z","timestamp":1778664087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969725014020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S0048969725014020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Atmospheric carbon dioxide removal using layers of lime","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179761","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"179761"}}