{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T14:52:29Z","timestamp":1794063149237,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T01:12:39Z","timestamp":1778721159000},"page":"181868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Antibiotics in wastewater and removal efficiency of treatment plants: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1036","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Ebrahimzadeh Sarvestani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziano","family":"Bonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankur J.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarun","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Di Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-022-05875-4","article-title":"Occurrence and risk assessment of antibiotic residues in sewage sludge of two Nigerian hospital wastewater treatment plants","volume":"233","author":"Ajibola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2019.01.005","article-title":"Antibiotics in hospital effluent and domestic wastewater treatment plants in Doha, Qatar","volume":"28","author":"Al-Maadheed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0015","series-title":"Science of the Total Environment","article-title":"Antibiotics in surface water of east and southeast Asian countries: a focused review on contamination status, pollution sources, potential risks, and future perspectives","volume":"vol. 764","author":"Anh","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.11.045","article-title":"Tetracycline resistance genes in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants","volume":"41","author":"Auerbach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3563-0","article-title":"Antibiotics in hospital effluents: occurrence, contribution to urban wastewater, removal in a wastewater treatment plant, and environmental risk assessment","volume":"26","author":"Aydin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0030","series-title":"FEMS Microbiology Reviews (Vol. 42, Number 1, pp. 68\u201380)","article-title":"Environmental factors influencing the development and spread of antibiotic resistance","author":"Bengtsson-Palme","year":"2018"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11771","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c00815","article-title":"New perspectives on the interactions between adsorption and degradation of organic micropollutants in granular activated carbon filters","volume":"58","author":"Betsholtz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.04.044","article-title":"Hydrolysis of sulphonamides in aqueous solutions","volume":"221\u2013222","author":"Bia\u0142k-Bieli\u0144ska","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.04.078","article-title":"Evaluating the degradation, sorption, and negative mass balances of pharmaceuticals and personal care products during wastewater treatment","volume":"134","author":"Blair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.04.053","article-title":"Effect of UVA\/LED\/TiO2 photocatalysis treated sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim containing wastewater on antibiotic resistance development in sequencing batch reactors","volume":"140","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0055","series-title":"Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts (Vol. 21, Number 4, pp. 605\u2013622)","article-title":"Emerging investigator series: Towards a framework for establishing the impacts of pharmaceuticals in wastewater irrigation systems on agro-ecosystems and human health","author":"Carter","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12185","article-title":"Antibiotics in agriculture and the risk to human health: how worried should we be?","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.03.026","article-title":"Long-term field application of sewage sludge increases the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in soil","volume":"92\u201393","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111586","article-title":"Distribution of antibiotic resistance in a mixed-use watershed and the impact of wastewater treatment plants on antibiotic resistance in surface water","volume":"12","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0075","series-title":"Water Research","first-page":"448","article-title":"The potential implications of reclaimed wastewater reuse for irrigation on the agricultural environment: the knowns and unknowns of the fate of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes \u2013 a review","volume":"vol. 123","author":"Christou","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0080","series-title":"Water (Switzerland) (Vol. 12, Number 1)","article-title":"Advanced oxidation processes for the removal of antibiotics from water. An overview","author":"Cuerda-Correa","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1128233","article-title":"Study on the removal characteristics and degradation pathways of highly toxic and refractory organic pollutants in real pharmaceutical factory wastewater treated by a pilot-scale integrated process","volume":"14","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0090","series-title":"Science of the Total Environment","first-page":"793","article-title":"Antibiotic pollution in surface fresh waters: Occurrence and effects","volume":"vol. 664","author":"Danner","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0095","author":"EU"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.410","article-title":"Concentration and reduction of antibiotic residues in selected wastewater treatment plants and receiving waterbodies in Durban, South Africa","volume":"678","author":"Faleye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0105","series-title":"Water Cycle","first-page":"357","article-title":"Effectiveness of membrane technologies in removing emerging contaminants from wastewater: reverse osmosis and nanofiltration","volume":"vol. 6","author":"Garc\u00eda-\u00c1vila","year":"2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3981","DOI":"10.1021\/es048550a","article-title":"Occurrence and sorption behavior of sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim in activated sludge treatment","volume":"39","author":"G\u00f6bel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1021\/es0264448","article-title":"Environmental exposure assessment of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents from sewage to soil","volume":"37","author":"Golet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0120","series-title":"Sustainability Science (Vol. 13, Number 4, pp. 1105\u20131120)","article-title":"Unpacking factors influencing antimicrobial use in global aquaculture and their implication for management: a review from a systems perspective","author":"Henriksson","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.07.027","article-title":"Occurrence of antibiotics and bacterial resistance in wastewater and sea water from the Antarctic","volume":"363","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137580","article-title":"Occurrence of antibiotics and risk of antibiotic resistance evolution in selected Kenyan wastewaters, surface waters and sediments","volume":"720","author":"Kairigo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0135","series-title":"Water (Switzerland) (Vol. 15, Number 11)","article-title":"The fate and occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes during advanced wastewater treatment and disinfection: a review","author":"Kalli","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0140","first-page":"118","article-title":"Occurrence and removal of antibiotics in hospital wastewater treatment plants","volume":"16","author":"Kanmalai","year":"2023","journal-title":"EnvironmentAsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0145","series-title":"Trends in Microbiology (Vol. 26, Number 3, pp. 220\u2013228)","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistance genes in waste water","author":"Karkman","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0150","series-title":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","first-page":"532","article-title":"Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants","volume":"vol. 150","author":"Khasawneh","year":"2021"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-016-5534-6","article-title":"Residue levels and discharge loads of antibiotics in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), hospital lagoons, and rivers within Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya","volume":"188","author":"Kimosop","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717295115","article-title":"Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015","volume":"115","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4805","article-title":"Occurrence of antibiotics in influent and effluent from 3 major wastewater-treatment plants in Finland","volume":"39","author":"Kortesm\u00e4ki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0170","series-title":"Microorganisms (Vol. 7, Number 6)","article-title":"Antibiotic pollution in the environment: from microbial ecology to public policy","author":"Kraemer","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0175","series-title":"Science of the Total Environment","first-page":"1052","article-title":"Performance of secondary wastewater treatment methods for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern implicated in crop uptake and antibiotic resistance spread: a review","volume":"vol. 648","author":"Krzeminski","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.07.008","article-title":"Effluent from drug manufactures contains extremely high levels of pharmaceuticals","volume":"148","author":"Larsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0185","series-title":"Environment International","first-page":"132","article-title":"Critical knowledge gaps and research needs related to the environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistance","volume":"vol. 117","author":"Larsson","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.08.060","article-title":"Removal of antibiotic residues, antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater by membrane bioreactor systems","volume":"145","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.12.050","article-title":"Occurrence, distribution and potential affecting factors of antibiotics in sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plants in China","volume":"445\u2013446","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157889","article-title":"Antibiotics in wastewater of Guangdong, China: distribution patterns, and their environmental risk due to incomplete removal","volume":"849","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132757","article-title":"Insights into amoxicillin degradation in water by non-thermal plasmas","volume":"291","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131704","article-title":"Removing high strength lincomycin in pharmaceutical wastewater by a bacteria microalgae consortium co-immobilized filter","volume":"415","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13060588","article-title":"Antibiotics in wastewater of a rural and an urban hospital before and after wastewater treatment, and the relationship with antibiotic use-a one year study from Vietnam","volume":"13","author":"Lien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0220","series-title":"Water Research","article-title":"Ozonation of organic compounds in water and wastewater: a critical review","volume":"vol. 213","author":"Lim","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01784-16","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of omadacycline following a single intravenous or oral dose of 14C-omadacycline in rats","volume":"61","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.08.007","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of fecal indicators in municipal wastewater treatment plant","volume":"44","author":"\u0141uczkiewicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0235","series-title":"Science of the Total Environment","first-page":"619","article-title":"A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment","volume":"vols. 473\u2013474","author":"Luo","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2015.07.002","article-title":"Utilization of Fenton-like reaction for antibiotics and resistant bacteria elimination in different parts of WWTP","volume":"40","author":"Macku\u2019ak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0245","series-title":"Antibiotics (Vol. 11, Number 11)","article-title":"Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in the water, sediment, and biota of freshwater and marine environments: a review","author":"Maghsodian","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.03.057","article-title":"Degradation of antibiotics in water by non-thermal plasma treatment","volume":"45","author":"Magureanu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0255","series-title":"Trends in Microbiology (Vol. 25, Number 3, pp. 173\u2013181)","article-title":"Assessing the risk of antibiotic resistance transmission from the environment to humans: non-direct proportionality between abundance and risk","author":"Manaia","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.121639","article-title":"Key-study on plasma-induced degradation of cephalosporins in water: process optimization, assessment of degradation mechanisms and residual toxicity","volume":"298","author":"Meropoulis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0265","series-title":"Water Research (Vol. 47, Number 3, pp. 957\u2013995)","article-title":"Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for the release of antibiotics in the environment: a review","author":"Michael","year":"2013"},{"issue":"10325","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7952-8","article-title":"Occurrence of antibiotics residues in hospital wastewater, wastewater treatment plant, and in surface water in Nairobi County, Kenya","volume":"192","author":"Ngigi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0280","series-title":"Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations the Review on Antimicrobial Resistance Chaired by JIM O\u2019NEILL","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0285","series-title":"BMJ","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"vol. 372","author":"Page","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-021-05053-y","article-title":"Fate of macrolide antibiotics with different wastewater treatment technologies","volume":"232","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0295","series-title":"Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (Vol. 4, Number 11)","article-title":"Antibiotics in the environment: a review","author":"Pareek","year":"2015"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00299","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals of emerging concern in aquatic systems: chemistry, occurrence, effects, and removal methods","volume":"119","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0305","series-title":"Science of the Total Environment","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance genes identified in wastewater treatment plant systems \u2013 a review","volume":"vol. 697","author":"Pazda","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.02.100","article-title":"Emerging pollutants in the urban water cycle in Latin America: a review of the current literature","volume":"237","author":"Pe\u00f1a-Guzm\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr-1742","article-title":"Antibiotics in the environment: causes and consequences","volume":"93","author":"Polianciuc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Pharm. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202560503058","article-title":"Ozone-based advanced oxidation process for pharmaceutical contamination in wastewater: a review","volume":"605","author":"Pratiwi","year":"2025","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16749","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18302-8","article-title":"High concentrations of pharmaceuticals emerging as a threat to Himalayan water sustainability","volume":"29","author":"Quincey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144526","article-title":"Determination of antibiotic resistance genes in a WWTP-impacted river in surface water, sediment, and biofilm: influence of seasonality and water quality","volume":"768","author":"Reichert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.01.032","article-title":"Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a review","volume":"447","author":"Rizzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105733","article-title":"Antibiotic residues in final effluents of European wastewater treatment plants and their impact on the aquatic environment","volume":"140","author":"Rodriguez-Mozaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140199","article-title":"Fate of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes during conventional and additional treatment technologies in wastewater treatment plants","volume":"741","author":"Sabri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.03.026","article-title":"A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the environment","volume":"65","author":"Sarmah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7452","DOI":"10.1021\/es0480217","article-title":"Sorption of three tetracyclines by several soils: assessing the role of pH and cation exchange","volume":"39","author":"Sassman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116313","article-title":"Combining an effect-based methodology with chemical analysis for antibiotics determination in wastewater and receiving freshwater and marine environment","volume":"271","author":"Serra-Compte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115362","article-title":"Seasonal variability of the correlation network of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance determinants, and bacteria in a wastewater treatment plant and receiving water","volume":"317","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111416","article-title":"Distribution and clonal diversity of Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococci in surface waters: detection of ST425-t742 and ST130-t843 mecC-positive MRSA strains","volume":"10","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157774","article-title":"Legacy and emerging pollutants in Latin America: a critical review of occurrence and levels in environmental and food samples","volume":"848","author":"Souza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2015.224","article-title":"Occurrence of antibiotics in pharmaceutical industrial wastewater, wastewater treatment plant and sea waters in Tunisia","volume":"14","author":"Tahrani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4978-4","article-title":"Occurrence and fate of tetracycline and degradation products in municipal biological wastewater treatment plant and transport of them in surface water","volume":"187","author":"Topal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14100815","article-title":"Exploring the synergistic mechanisms of nanopulsed plasma bubbles and photocatalysts for trimethoprim degradation and mineralization in water","volume":"14","author":"Tsokanas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0395","series-title":"COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 21 May 1991 Concerning Urban Waste Water Treatment (91\/271\/EEC)","author":"UE","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.092","article-title":"Application of sewage sludge to agricultural soil increases the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes without altering the composition of prokaryotic communities","volume":"647","author":"Urra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"112","author":"Van Boeckel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.05.046","article-title":"Fate and proliferation of typical antibiotic resistance genes in five full-scale pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants","volume":"526","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140997","article-title":"Occurrence and fate of antibiotics, antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in municipal wastewater treatment plant: an overview","volume":"744","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2025.117840","article-title":"Antibiotics and endocrine disrupting chemicals in effluent from wastewater treatment plants of a mega-city affected the water quality of juvenile Chinese sturgeon habitat: upgrades to wastewater treatment processes are needed","volume":"215","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.05.019","article-title":"Fate of antibiotic resistance genes in sewage treatment plant revealed by metagenomic approach","volume":"62","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114135","article-title":"Antibiotics and antimycotics in waste water treatment plants: concentrations, removal efficiency, spatial and temporal variations, prediction, and ecological risk assessment","volume":"215","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2024.160","article-title":"Enhanced removal of ciprofloxacin and associated antibiotic-resistant genes from wastewater using a biological aeration filters in combination with Fe3O4-modified zeolite","volume":"89","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.417","article-title":"Trace determination of sulfonamide antibiotics and their acetylated metabolites via SPE-LC-MS\/MS in wastewater and insights from their occurrence in a municipal wastewater treatment plant","volume":"653","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EM00457D","article-title":"Occurrence, seasonal variation and removal efficiency of antibiotics and their metabolites in wastewater treatment plants, Jiulongjiang River Basin, South China","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process Impacts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.01.028","article-title":"Inactivation of antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater effluent by chlorination and sequential UV\/chlorination disinfection","volume":"512\u2013513","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.07.014","article-title":"Characterization of microbial community and antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge under tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole selection pressure","volume":"571","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114817","article-title":"Occurrence, risk assessment, and in vitro and in vivo toxicity of antibiotics in surface water in China","volume":"255","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165681","article-title":"Occurrence, removal, emission and environment risk of 32 antibiotics and metabolites in wastewater treatment plants in Wuhu, China","volume":"899","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969726005322?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969726005322?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T20:43:44Z","timestamp":1780519424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969726005322"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["S0048969726005322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Antibiotics in wastewater and removal efficiency of treatment plants: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181868","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"181868"}}