{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T03:40:16Z","timestamp":1789875616669,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Frontline Medical Communications, Inc.","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]],"date-time":"2005-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1133395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,30]],"date-time":"2005-12-30T12:08:01Z","timestamp":1135944481000},"page":"216-226","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Venous Ulcers"],"prefix":"10.12788","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Reichenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5043","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01579330","article-title":"Chirurgie der Venen Ubersicht","volume":"347","author":"Widmer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Langenbecks Archiv fur Chirurgie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810206","article-title":"Venous and non-venous leg ulcers","volume":"81","author":"Nelzen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1994.01690040093015","article-title":"Definitions and guidelines for assessment of wounds and evaluation of healing","volume":"130","author":"Lazarus","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib4","first-page":"34","article-title":"Approaches to venous leg ulcer care within the community","volume":"42","author":"Simon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib5","first-page":"161","article-title":"Socio-economic impact of chronic venous insufficiency. An underestimated public health problem","volume":"17","author":"Van den Oever","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.111633","article-title":"Chronic venous insufficiency and venous leg ulceration","volume":"44","author":"Valencia","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02456.x","article-title":"Venous Ulcer","volume":"44","author":"Abbade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib8","unstructured":"Nelson EA, Cullum N, Jones J: Venous leg ulcers [update of Clin Evid 2002 Dec;(8):2031-45; PMID: 12603982]. Clin Evid Dec:2225-2240, 2003"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1177\/000331970105200102","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of chronic venous insufficiency","volume":"52","author":"Fowkes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hch075","article-title":"Prevalence of leg ulceration in a London population","volume":"97","author":"Moffatt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Qjm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800791015","article-title":"Prevalence of lower limb ulceration in an urban health district","volume":"79","author":"Lees","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555735761","article-title":"Leg and foot ulcer prevalence and investigation of the peripheral arterial and venous circulation in a randomised elderly population. An epidemiological survey and clinical investigation","volume":"73","author":"Andersson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(99)70330-7","article-title":"Chronic leg ulcers","volume":"29","author":"Bergqvist","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/15.2.210","article-title":"Varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Maffei","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib15","first-page":"185","article-title":"La maladie veineuse en France","volume":"19","author":"Lafuma","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Mal Vasc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810204","article-title":"Epidemiology of varicose veins","volume":"81","author":"Callam","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2004.05.015","article-title":"The epidemiology of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins","volume":"15","author":"Beebe-Dimmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.3.149","article-title":"Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population","volume":"53","author":"Evans","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01658637","article-title":"Epidemiology of varicose veins","volume":"10","author":"Beaglehole","year":"1986","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.121739","article-title":"Venous leg ulcer","volume":"46","author":"Margolis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.290.6485.1855","article-title":"Chronic ulceration of the leg","volume":"290","author":"Callam","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br Med J Clin Res Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib22","first-page":"38","article-title":"Painful venous ulcers","volume":"44","author":"Krasner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(94)70134-2","article-title":"A study of the impact of leg ulcers on quality of life","volume":"31","author":"Phillips","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib24","first-page":"571","article-title":"The impact of leg ulcers on patients\u2019 quality of life","volume":"10","author":"Charles","year":"1995","journal-title":"Professional Nurse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2004.13.6.26670","article-title":"Does leg ulcer treatment improve patients\u2019 quality of life?","volume":"13","author":"Charles","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Medical costs of treating venous stasis ulcers","volume":"4","author":"Olin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979704800111","article-title":"Socioeconomic impact of chronic venous insufficiency and leg ulcers","volume":"48","author":"Ruckley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib28","unstructured":"XE:com. XE:com Universal Currency Converter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(96)70014-9","article-title":"Venous ulceration","volume":"24","author":"DePalma","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1992.tb03515.x","article-title":"The Bulletin of the North American Society of Phlebology. Insurance Advisory Committee Report","volume":"18","author":"Weiss","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Dermatol Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb11845.x","article-title":"Venous leg ulcers","volume":"129","author":"Gross","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(93)90426-M","article-title":"The relation of venous ulceration with ambulatory venous pressure measurements","volume":"17","author":"Nicolaides","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.1999.08053.x","article-title":"Venous leg ulcers","volume":"25","author":"Zimmet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2351031598","article-title":"Leg perforator vein incompetence","volume":"235","author":"Delis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(91)90045-V","article-title":"Distribution of valvular incompetence in patients with venous stasis ulceration","volume":"13","author":"Hanrahan","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90325-7","article-title":"The cause of venous ulceration","volume":"2","author":"Browse","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(08)80894-8","article-title":"Leg ulcers","volume":"27","author":"Zimmet","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90325-7","article-title":"The cause of venous ulceration","volume":"2","author":"Browse","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-0512(97)00281-1","article-title":"Pericapillary fibrin cuffs in venous disease. A reappraisal","volume":"23","author":"Van de Scheur","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91085-Z","article-title":"The \u201ctrap\u201d hypothesis of venous ulceration","volume":"341","author":"Falanga","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.296.6638.1726","article-title":"Causes of venous ulceration","volume":"296","author":"Coleridge Smith","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br Med J Clin Res Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(98)70013-8","article-title":"Patients with venous stasis ulceration have increased monocyte-platelet aggregation","volume":"27","author":"Peyton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(99)70009-1","article-title":"Chronic venous insufficiency is associated with increased platelet and monocyte activation and aggregation","volume":"30","author":"Powell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70242-T","article-title":"Detection of undegraded fibrin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in venous leg ulcers","volume":"25","author":"Claudy","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1159\/000179087","article-title":"Microcirculation in venous disorders","volume":"15","author":"Dormandy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Microcirculation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb08629.x","article-title":"Extravasation of macromolecules and possible trapping of transforming growth factor-beta in venous ulceration","volume":"132","author":"Higley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.1998.7.10.527","article-title":"Effect of chronic wound fluid on fibroblasts","volume":"7","author":"Phillips","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.11.2517","article-title":"Theoretical aspects of antibiotic diffusion into microbial biofilms","volume":"40","author":"Stewart","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.41.100187.002251","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease","volume":"41","author":"Costerton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib50","first-page":"601","article-title":"Etude prospective comparative de la morbidite des Staphylococcus aureus metisensibles et metiresistants dans les plaies chroniques","volume":"130","author":"Trividic-Rumeau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800780729","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic venous ulcers","volume":"78","author":"Baker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1975.tb05367.x","article-title":"Contact dermatitis in patients with leg ulcers","volume":"1","author":"Angelini","year":"1975","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1988.tb05486.x","article-title":"Contact dermatitis in patients with leg ulcers. The prevalence of late positive reactions and evidence against systemic ampliative allergy","volume":"18","author":"Paramsothy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib54","first-page":"1662","article-title":"Bedeutung lokaler Faktoren fur die Entstehung kontaktallergischer Reaktionen bei Patienten mit chronisch-venoser Insuffizienz","volume":"62","author":"Bahmer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/00152192-200305000-00005","article-title":"Venous leg ulcer care","volume":"30","author":"Lorimer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.135.7.818","article-title":"Leg ulcers and hydroxyurea","volume":"135","author":"Sirieix","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2004.12.002","article-title":"Duplex evaluation of venous insufficiency","volume":"18","author":"Labropoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(03)00424-5","article-title":"Definition of venous reflux in lower-extremity veins","volume":"38","author":"Labropoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.75.895.750578","article-title":"Evaluation of chronic venous disease in the lower limbs","volume":"75","author":"Mantoni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(96)70009-5","article-title":"Duplex assessment of venous reflux and chronic venous insufficiency","volume":"24","author":"Welch","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(93)90328-J","article-title":"Distribution and quantification of venous reflux in lower extremity chronic venous stasis disease with duplex scanning","volume":"18","author":"Weingarten","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(96)70008-3","article-title":"A correlation of air plethysmography and color-flow-assisted duplex scanning in the quantification of chronic venous insufficiency","volume":"24","author":"Weingarten","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(94)70159-8","article-title":"Validation of air plethysmography, photoplethysmography, and duplex ultrasonography in the evaluation of severe venous stasis","volume":"20","author":"Bays","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1047129","article-title":"Computertomographie und Kernspintomographie des Unterschenkels bei chronischer Veneninsuffizienz","volume":"151","author":"Gmelin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib65","first-page":"20","article-title":"A comparison of two culturing methods for chronic wounds","volume":"43","author":"Neil","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2001.00584.x","article-title":"Deep tissue biopsy vs. superficial swab culture monitoring in the microbiological assessment of limb-threatening diabetic foot infection","volume":"18","author":"Pellizzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib67","first-page":"437","article-title":"Classification and grading of chronic venous disease in the lower limbs. A consensus statement. Ad Hoc Committee, American Venous Forum","volume":"38","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(96)80019-0","article-title":"Classification and grading of chronic venous disease in the lower limbs. A consensus statement","volume":"12","author":"Beebe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(96)70001-0","article-title":"Definitive diagnosis and definitive treatment in chronic venous disease","volume":"24","author":"Kistner","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4065\/71.4.338","article-title":"Diagnosis of chronic venous disease of the lower extremities","volume":"71","author":"Kistner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb02707.x","article-title":"Venous leg ulcers and squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"133","author":"Baldursson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02879.x","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma complicating chronic venous leg ulceration","volume":"140","author":"Baldursson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/000155500750012117","article-title":"Expression of p21WAF1\/CIP1, p53, bcl-2 and Ki-67 in venous leg ulcers with and without squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"80","author":"Baldursson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-0512(98)00174-5","article-title":"Expression of c-fos and c-Ha-ras proto-oncogenes is induced in human chronic wounds","volume":"24","author":"Ouahes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27527","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030000131","article-title":"Human papillomavirus in venous ulcers with and without squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"292","author":"Baldursson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S1085-5629(03)00043-9","article-title":"Management of leg ulcers","volume":"22","author":"Kantor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.453","article-title":"A report from the International consensus group on diagnosing and treating the infected diabetic foot. A report from the international consensus on diagnosing and treating the infected diabetic foot","volume":"20","author":"Lipsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.1998.7.9.435","article-title":"Chronic ulcers and antibiotic treatment","volume":"7","author":"Tammelin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-003-1254-0","article-title":"Mikrobiologische Aspekte und rationelle antibiotische Therapie des diabetischen Fusssyndroms","volume":"98","author":"Ambrosch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Klin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15S","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(94)90005-1","article-title":"Prophylactic and therapeutic role of antibiotics in wound care","volume":"167","author":"Leaper","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(92)90115-O","article-title":"A prospective randomized evaluator-blinded trial of two potential wound healing agents for the treatment of venous stasis ulcers","volume":"16","author":"Bishop","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6445(03)00047-0","article-title":"Bacterial silver resistance","volume":"27","author":"Silver","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70587-0","article-title":"North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch test results for the detection of delayed-type hypersensitivity to topical allergens","volume":"38","author":"Marks","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib84","series-title":"Wound Healing and Ulcers of the Skin","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/193293a0","article-title":"Formation of the scab and the rate of epithelization of superficial wounds in the skin of the domestic pig","volume":"193","author":"Winter","year":"1962","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/200377a0","article-title":"Effect of air exposure and occlusion on experimental human skin wounds","volume":"200","author":"Hinman","year":"1963","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1991.tb03263.x","article-title":"Compression therapy of the legs. A review","volume":"17","author":"Partsch","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Dermatol Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.12968\/bjcn.2001.6.4.7089","article-title":"Venous haemodynamics and the effects of compression stockings","volume":"6","author":"Bradley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Community Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.6.716","article-title":"Recent advances in wound healing","volume":"283","author":"Bello","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib90","article-title":"Compression for venous leg ulcers","author":"Cullum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib91","first-page":"CD002303","article-title":"Compression for preventing recurrence of venous ulcers","author":"Nelson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib92","first-page":"871","article-title":"Sequential gradient pneumatic compression enhances venous ulcer healing","volume":"108","author":"Smith","year":"1990","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib93","article-title":"Intermittent pneumatic compression for treating venous leg ulcers","author":"Mani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(93)90148-F","article-title":"Venous ulcers and the superficial venous system","volume":"17","author":"Shami","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-821X(05)80086-6","article-title":"Venous ulceration and saphenous ligation","volume":"6","author":"Darke","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(94)70066-4","article-title":"Long-term results of venous valve reconstruction","volume":"19","author":"Masuda","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib97","first-page":"104","article-title":"Subfascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery (SEPS)","volume":"80","author":"Whiteley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800840421","article-title":"Tibial nerve damage during subfascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery","volume":"84","author":"Whiteley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib99","first-page":"210","article-title":"Clipping perforators without dividing them could reduce postoperative pain and swelling following subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery","volume":"84","author":"Kianifard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.136.9.1142","article-title":"Pentoxifylline in the treatment of venous leg ulcers","volume":"136","author":"Margolis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib101","first-page":"CD001733","article-title":"Pentoxifylline for treating venous leg ulcers","author":"Jull","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555570231235","article-title":"A randomized trial of two occlusive dressings in the treatment of leg ulcers","volume":"70","author":"Brandrup","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00379-X","article-title":"Which venous leg ulcers will heal with limb compression bandages?","volume":"109","author":"Margolis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.134.12.1556","article-title":"Does oral zinc aid the healing of chronic leg ulcers? A systematic literature review","volume":"134","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib105","first-page":"198","article-title":"Medikamentose Therapie bei venosen Durchblutungsstorungen des Beines","volume":"30","author":"Felix","year":"1979","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1177\/000331970305400106","article-title":"From skin disorders to venous leg ulcers","volume":"54","author":"Coleridge Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.10.1553","article-title":"Analyses of cDNA and recombinant protein for a potent vasoactive protein in saliva of a blood-feeding black fly, Simulium vittatum","volume":"201","author":"Cupp","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(03)00908-X","article-title":"Randomized trial and local biological effect of autologous platelets used as adjuvant therapy for chronic venous leg ulcers","volume":"38","author":"Senet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib109","first-page":"273","article-title":"Autologous platelet lysate product versus placebo in patients with chronic leg ulcerations","volume":"16","author":"Weed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.1999.00335.x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of becaplermin (recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB) in patients with nonhealing, lower extremity diabetic ulcers","volume":"7","author":"Smiell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.5.822","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a topical gel formulation of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (becaplermin) in patients with chronic neuropathic diabetic ulcers. A phase III randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study","volume":"21","author":"Wieman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1994.01420260109015","article-title":"A phase II study to evaluate recombinant platelet-derived growth factor-BB in the treatment of stage 3 and 4 pressure ulcers","volume":"129","author":"Mustoe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/153857440403800408","article-title":"Proliferative capacity of venous ulcer wound fibroblasts in the presence of platelet-derived growth factor","volume":"38","author":"Vasquez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2004.15.1003","article-title":"Clinical protocol. Phase I trial to evaluate the safety of H5.020CMV:PDGF-b and limb compression bandage for the treatment of venous leg ulcer: trial A","volume":"15","author":"Margolis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)04495-4","article-title":"Randomised placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in diabetic foot infection","volume":"350","author":"Gough","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.2003.29234.x","article-title":"Healing of refractory sinus tracts by dermal matrix injection with Cymetra","volume":"29","author":"Banta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib117","first-page":"CD004123","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic wounds","author":"Kranke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib118","first-page":"CD001180","article-title":"Therapeutic ultrasound for venous leg ulcers","author":"Flemming","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib119","first-page":"CD001182","article-title":"Laser therapy for venous leg ulcers","author":"Flemming","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib120","first-page":"94S","article-title":"Dressings and ajunctive therapies","volume":"45","author":"Ovington","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib121","article-title":"Electromagnetic therapy for the treatment of venous leg ulcers","author":"Flemming","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.7748\/ns1999.10.14.6.47.c2701","article-title":"Wound management and pain control","volume":"14","author":"Gould","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nursing Standard"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.1999.8.8.25911","article-title":"The assessment and treatment of wound pain","volume":"8","author":"Emflorgo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib124","first-page":"CD001177","article-title":"Topical agents or dressings for pain in venous leg ulcers","author":"Briggs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(03)00770-9","article-title":"Lidocaine patch helpful in managing the chronic pain of leg ulceration","volume":"49","author":"Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib126","first-page":"146","article-title":"Community leg ulcer clinics","volume":"25","author":"Bosanquet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Health Trends"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2004.10.002","article-title":"Risk factors for delayed healing and recurrence of chronic venous leg ulcers\u2014an analysis of 1324 legs","volume":"29","author":"Gohel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib128","first-page":"625","article-title":"Full-thickness leg ulcers","volume":"36","author":"van Rijswijk","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1067-1927.2004.012207.x","article-title":"The accuracy of venous leg ulcer prognostic models in a wound care system","volume":"12","author":"Margolis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.107496","article-title":"Prognostic indicators in venous ulcers","volume":"43","author":"Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1085562905000696?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1085562905000696?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scmsjournal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/v24i4-Reichenberg.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:20:09Z","timestamp":1706833209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/scmsjournal.com\/article\/buy_now\/?id=462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1085562905000696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sder.2005.10.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1085-5629"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1085-5629","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}}}