{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T15:52:33Z","timestamp":1792252353192,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","seizure-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seizure"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,23]],"date-time":"2018-04-23T13:39:33Z","timestamp":1524490773000},"page":"24-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Determinants of free serum valproate concentration: A prospective study in patients on divalproex sodium monotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Wassim","family":"Nasreddine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Dirani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Atweh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achraf","family":"Makki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Beydoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01561.x","article-title":"Antiepileptic drugs\u2014best practice guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring: a position paper by the subcommission on therapeutic drug monitoring, ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"49","author":"Patsalos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00561557","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of di-n-propylacetate in epileptic patients","volume":"8","author":"Schobben","year":"1975","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1979.tb04808.x","article-title":"Sodium valproate, serum level and clinical effect in epilepsy: a controlled study","volume":"20","author":"Gram","year":"1979","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410140107","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of sodium valproate: their clinical value","volume":"14","author":"Turnbull","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.1.182","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of divalproex sodium monotherapy in partial epilepsy a double-blind, concentration-response design clinical trial","volume":"48","author":"Beydoun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01429.x","article-title":"Valproate-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective monotherapy study","volume":"49","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1977.tb04463.x","article-title":"Clinical pharmacological aspects of valproate sodium","volume":"18","author":"Wulff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200216100-00004","article-title":"Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of valproate","volume":"16","author":"Perucca","year":"2002","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-198612000-00005","article-title":"Variable free and total valproic acid concentrations in sole-and multi-drug therapy","volume":"8","author":"Cramer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.1993.tb00612.x","article-title":"Plasma protein binding kinetics of valproic acid over a broad dosage range: therapeutic implications","volume":"18","author":"Bellver","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13802","article-title":"Serum protein binding of 25 antiepileptic drugs in a routine clinical setting: a comparison of free non-protein-bound concentrations","volume":"58","author":"Patsalos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.5.988","article-title":"Clinical utility of unbound antiepileptic drug blood levels in the management of epilepsy","volume":"42","author":"Lenn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.08.026","article-title":"Usefulness of monitoring free (unbound) concentrations of therapeutic drugs in patient management","volume":"377","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0070","series-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics","author":"Field","year":"2013"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/00220670109598763","article-title":"Statistical significance and effect size in education research: two sides of a coin","volume":"94","author":"Fan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Educ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2007.00027.x","article-title":"Effect size, confidence interval and statistical significance: a practical guide for biologists","volume":"82","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1979.tb04779.x","article-title":"Valproic acid binding to human serum albumin and determination of free fraction in the presence of anticonvulsants and free fatty acids","volume":"20","author":"Patel","year":"1979","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)31137-7","article-title":"Serum protein binding and pharmacokinetics of valproate in man, dog, rat and mouse","volume":"204","author":"L\u00f6scher","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(01)00151-5","article-title":"Gender-or age-related binding characteristics of valproic acid to serum proteins in adult patients with epilepsy","volume":"52","author":"Kodama","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1984.tb02401.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of valproic acid in the elderly","volume":"17","author":"Perucca","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7928","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)90962-9","article-title":"Serum-phenytoin levels in management of epilepsy","volume":"306","author":"Richens","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809302700107","article-title":"Apparent valproic acid neurotoxicity in a hypoalbuminemic patient","volume":"27","author":"Gidal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.19147","article-title":"Elevated free fractions of valproic acid in a heart transplant patient with hypoalbuminemia","volume":"34","author":"Haroldson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"}],"container-title":["Seizure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1059131117305897?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1059131117305897?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T01:50:35Z","timestamp":1761011435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1059131117305897"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["S1059131117305897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-1311"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-1311","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Determinants of free serum valproate concentration: A prospective study in patients on divalproex sodium monotherapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seizure","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 British Epilepsy Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}