{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:39:42Z","timestamp":1787618382020,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","seizure-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seizure"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T11:03:15Z","timestamp":1608548595000},"page":"26-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Alternatives to valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies: state of the art and guidance for the clinician proposed by the Epilepsy and Gender Commission of the Italian League Against Epilepsy (LICE)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Mostacci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Ranzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2512-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loretta","family":"Giuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6776-9007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"La Neve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Aguglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9817-4193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonilda","family":"Bilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vania","family":"Durante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Ermio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Zambrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica Anna Maria","family":"Lodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4811-474X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo Andrea","family":"Galimberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.158","article-title":"Risks of congenital malformations in offspring exposed to valproic acid in utero: A systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Tanoshima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0010","article-title":"Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child","volume":"11","author":"Weston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0845-1","article-title":"Comparative safety of anti-epileptic drugs during pregnancy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of congenital malformations and prenatal outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Veroniki","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30107-8","article-title":"Comparative risk of major congenital malformations with eight different antiepileptic drugs: a prospective cohort study of the EURAP registry","volume":"17","author":"Tomson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2165\/11317640-000000000-00000","article-title":"Long-term developmental outcome of children of women with epilepsy, unexposed or exposed prenatally to antiepileptic drugs: a meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"33","author":"Banach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0030","article-title":"Treatment for epilepsy in pregnancy: neurodevelopmental outcomes in the child","author":"Bromley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867417726175","article-title":"Mood stabilizers in pregnancy and child developmental outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Haskey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017248","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017248","article-title":"Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs for neurological development in children exposed during pregnancy and breast feeding: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Veroniki","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0045","series-title":"Valproate and related substances | European Medicines Agency","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12074","article-title":"Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes","volume":"54","author":"Glauser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0055","series-title":"Epilepsies: diagnosis and management | Guidance | NICE","author":"Overview","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13021","article-title":"Valproate in the treatment of epilepsy in girls and women of childbearing potential","volume":"56","author":"Tomson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709","article-title":"ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","author":"Scheffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0070","series-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0075","series-title":"Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco","author":"Trova farmaco","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0080","series-title":"648\/96 | AIFA Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco","author":"Legge","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0085","series-title":"European Medicines Agency","author":"Medicines","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0090","series-title":"European Medicines Agency","author":"National registers of authorised medicines","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0095","series-title":"Home - electronic medicines compendium (emc)","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0100","series-title":"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency - GOV.UK","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902014","article-title":"Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy","volume":"362","author":"Glauser","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12028","article-title":"Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy: initial monotherapy outcomes at 12 months","volume":"54","author":"Glauser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0115","first-page":"CD003032","article-title":"Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents","volume":"2","author":"Brigo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03099.x","article-title":"Levetiracetam in absence epilepsy","volume":"50","author":"Verrotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02976.x","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of levetiracetam in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed absence epilepsy","volume":"52","author":"Fattore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073818811511","article-title":"Clinical Use and Efficacy of Levetiracetam for Absence Epilepsies","volume":"34","author":"Nolan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2011.05.007","article-title":"Aggravation of absence seizure related to levetiracetam","volume":"15","author":"Auvin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol EJPN Off J Eur Paediatr Neurol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.04.010","article-title":"Zonisamide for refractory juvenile absence epilepsy","volume":"108","author":"Velizarova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001930","article-title":"Perampanel for tonic-clonic seizures in idiopathic generalized epilepsy A randomized trial","volume":"85","author":"French","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14522","article-title":"Perampanel in routine clinical use in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: The 12-month GENERAL study","volume":"59","author":"Villanueva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.106657","article-title":"Efficacy, retention, and safety of brivaracetam in adult patients with genetic generalized epilepsy","volume":"102","author":"Fonseca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav EB"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1053\/seiz.2001.0655","article-title":"Topiramate monotherapy for childhood absence seizures: an open label pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Cross","year":"2002","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2010.01347.x","article-title":"A pilot study of topiramate in childhood absence epilepsy","volume":"123","author":"Pi\u00f1a-Garza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-019-00325-x","article-title":"A Practical Guide to Treatment of Childhood Absence Epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Kessler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00698-5","article-title":"Pharmacological Management of the Genetic Generalised Epilepsies in Adolescents and Adults","volume":"34","author":"Stephen","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60461-9","article-title":"The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial","volume":"369","author":"Marson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12349","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"Silvennoinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0190","first-page":"708","article-title":"[Treatment of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy with low-dose sodium valproate]","volume":"152","author":"De Toffol","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.04.047","volume":"61","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Vanegas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav EB"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0200","first-page":"229","article-title":"176:346-386 (English translation by Genton P","volume":"1994","author":"Janz","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2016.1179113","article-title":"Modern management of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"16","author":"Brodie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.02009.x","article-title":"Levetiracetam in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: long-term efficacy in newly diagnosed adolescents","volume":"50","author":"Verrotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.04.004","article-title":"Levetiracetam monotherapy--outcomes from an epilepsy clinic","volume":"20","author":"Stephen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2019.106214","article-title":"Levetiracetam in genetic generalized epilepsy: A prospective unblinded active-controlled trial","volume":"157","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000268699.34614.d3","article-title":"Levetiracetam N01057 Study Group. Placebo-controlled study of levetiracetam in idiopathic generalized epilepsy","volume":"69","author":"Berkovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000297512.18364.40","article-title":"Levetiracetam for the treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsy with myoclonic seizures","volume":"70","author":"Noachtar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.02.016","article-title":"Levetiracetam as add-on therapy for idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndromes with onset during adolescence: analysis of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies","volume":"85","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2004.04.002","article-title":"Lamotrigine for patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy following prior treatment with valproate: results of an open-label study","volume":"5","author":"Morris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav EB"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2005.06.004","article-title":"Effects of lamotrigine monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: An open-label study","volume":"66","author":"Schimschock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2013.07.006","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of lamotrigine in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy in adults: a prospective, unblinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Machado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2010.01472.x","article-title":"Outcome of lamotrigine treatment in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"124","author":"Bodenstein-Sachar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000174517.21383.36","article-title":"Lamotrigine associated with exacerbation or de novo myoclonus in idiopathic generalized epilepsies","volume":"65","author":"Crespel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91398-6","article-title":"Disabling tremor after lamotrigine with sodium valproate","volume":"342","author":"Reutens","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2007.03.003","article-title":"Topiramate or valproate in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: a randomized open-label comparison","volume":"10","author":"Levisohn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav EB"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0275","first-page":"1079","article-title":"A randomized open-label observational study to compare the efficacy and tolerability between topiramate and valproate in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci Off J Neurosurg Soc Australas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2006.01.016","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric profiles of patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy treated with valproate or topiramate","volume":"8","author":"de Araujo Filho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav EB"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0285","first-page":"CD010008","article-title":"Topiramate for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1684\/j.1950-6945.2004.tb00075.x","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of zonisamide in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"6","author":"Kothare","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2009.0239","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of zonisamide in idiopathic generalized epilepsy","volume":"11","author":"Marinas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05479.x","article-title":"Clonazepam in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"30","author":"Obeid","year":"1989","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2017.1280459","article-title":"Update on pharmacotherapy of myoclonic seizures","volume":"18","author":"Striano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.12.010","article-title":"Lacosamide treatment of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Afra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2016.12.015","article-title":"Lacosamide for uncontrolled primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures: An open-label pilot study with 59-week extension","volume":"130","author":"Wechsler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebcr.2016.09.006","article-title":"Unmasking of myoclonus by lacosamide in generalized epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1586\/17512433.2016.1156529","article-title":"Brivaracetam in the treatment of focal and idiopathic generalized epilepsies and of status epilepticus","volume":"9","author":"Strzelczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0330","first-page":"75","article-title":"The relationship between treatment with valproate, lamotrigine, and topiramate and the prognosis of the idiopathic generalised epilepsies","volume":"75","author":"Nicolson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0335","article-title":"Valproic Acid versus Lamotrigine as First-line Monotherapy in Newly Diagnosed Idiopathic Generalized Tonic -Clonic Seizures in Adults - A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"10","author":"Giri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res JCDR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01332.x","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of lamotrigine in treatment-resistant generalised epilepsy","volume":"39","author":"Beran","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000187118.19221.e4","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine in primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures","volume":"65","author":"Biton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e371","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0148","article-title":"Lamotrigine adjunctive therapy among children and adolescents with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures","volume":"118","author":"Trevathan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.07.022","article-title":"Adjunctive lamotrigine XR for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in a randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Biton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav EB"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03300.x","article-title":"Adjunctive levetiracetam in children, adolescents, and adults with primary generalized seizures: open-label, noncomparative, multicenter, long-term follow-up study","volume":"53","author":"Delanty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12255","article-title":"Adjunctive levetiracetam in the treatment of Chinese and Japanese adults with generalized tonic-clonic seizures: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0370","first-page":"1330","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled study of topiramate in primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures","volume":"52","author":"Biton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Topiramate YTC Study Group. Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16413","article-title":"Open-label study to investigate the safety and efficacy of adjunctive perampanel in pediatric patients (4 to <12 years) with inadequately controlled focal seizures or generalized tonic-clonic seizures","volume":"61","author":"Fogarasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30292-7","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of lacosamide monotherapy versus controlled-release carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy: a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial","volume":"16","author":"Baulac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30279-4","article-title":"Lacosamide monotherapy for newly diagnosed epilepsy","volume":"16","author":"Brigo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebcr.2017.08.001","article-title":"Lacosamide for refractory generalized tonic-clonic seizures of non-focal origin in clinical practice: A clinical and VEEG study","volume":"8","author":"Abarrategui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1053\/seiz.2001.0568","article-title":"Phenobarbital-induced atypical absence seizure in benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes","volume":"11","author":"Hamano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.03.001","article-title":"Aggravation of epilepsy by antiepileptic drugs","volume":"33","author":"Sazgar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2013.11.016","article-title":"Carbamazepine treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures in idiopathic generalized epilepsy","volume":"23","author":"Kenyon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.7.904","article-title":"A double-blind study comparing carbamazepine with phenytoin as initial seizure therapy in adults","volume":"33","author":"Ramsay","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198507183130303","article-title":"Comparison of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone in partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures","volume":"313","author":"Mattson","year":"1985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.48.7.639","article-title":"A prospective study between carbamazepine, phenytoin and sodium valproate as monotherapy in previously untreated and recently diagnosed patients with epilepsy","volume":"48","author":"Callaghan","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb05562.x","article-title":"Lamotrigine monotherapy in newly diagnosed untreated epilepsy: a double-blind comparison with phenytoin","volume":"40","author":"Steiner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(97)00024-7","article-title":"A double-blind controlled clinical trial of oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin in adults with previously untreated epilepsy","volume":"27","author":"Bill","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000252941.50833.4a","article-title":"Levetiracetam Monotherapy Study Group. Comparison of levetiracetam and controlled-release carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy","volume":"68","author":"Brodie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-300376","article-title":"KOMET: an unblinded, randomised, two parallel-group, stratified trial comparing the effectiveness of levetiracetam with controlled-release carbamazepine and extended-release sodium valproate as monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy","volume":"84","author":"Trinka","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162206000843","article-title":"Aggravation of epilepsy by anti-epileptic drugs","volume":"48","author":"Gayatri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0450","first-page":"CD001769","article-title":"Sodium valproate versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review","volume":"8","author":"Nevitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301999","article-title":"The LaLiMo Trial: lamotrigine compared with levetiracetam in the initial 26 weeks of monotherapy for focal and generalised epilepsy--an open-label, prospective, randomised controlled multicenter study","volume":"83","author":"Rosenow","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.08.001","article-title":"Lamotrigine versus valproic acid monotherapy for generalised epilepsy: A meta-analysis of comparative studies","volume":"51","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306318","article-title":"Malformation risks of antiepileptic drug monotherapies in pregnancy: updated results from the UK and Ireland Epilepsy and Pregnancy Registers","volume":"85","author":"Campbell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09764-w","article-title":"Neurocognition after prenatal levetiracetam, lamotrigine, carbamazepine or valproate exposure","volume":"267","author":"Huber-Mollema","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001182","article-title":"IQ at 6 years after in utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs: a controlled cohort study","volume":"84","author":"Baker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14140","article-title":"Language impairment in children aged 5 and 8 years after antiepileptic drug exposure in utero - the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study","volume":"27","author":"Husebye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.074203","article-title":"Malformation risks of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register","volume":"77","author":"Morrow","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182574f39","article-title":"Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy","volume":"78","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000304343.45104.d6","article-title":"Increased frequency of isolated cleft palate in infants exposed to lamotrigine during pregnancy","volume":"70","author":"Holmes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000316194.98475.d8","article-title":"EUROCAT Antiepileptic Drug Working Group. Does lamotrigine use in pregnancy increase orofacial cleft risk relative to other malformations?","volume":"71","author":"Dolk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821ccd18","article-title":"Final results from 18 years of the International Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry","volume":"76","author":"Cunnington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002540","article-title":"Lamotrigine use in pregnancy and risk of orofacial cleft and other congenital anomalies","volume":"86","author":"Dolk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02668.x","article-title":"Early cognitive development in children born to women with epilepsy: a prospective report","volume":"51","author":"Bromley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803531","article-title":"Cognitive function at 3 years of age after fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs","volume":"360","author":"Meador","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.176990","article-title":"Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to lamotrigine, sodium valproate and carbamazepine","volume":"96","author":"Cummings","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70323-X","article-title":"Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study","volume":"12","author":"Meador","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1526","article-title":"Levetiracetam Pregnancy Registry: Final results and a review of the impact of registry methodology and definitions on the prevalence of major congenital malformations","volume":"111","author":"Scheuerle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000659","article-title":"Teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs","volume":"32","author":"Tomson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01480.x","article-title":"Maternal use of antiepileptic drugs and the risk of major congenital malformations: a joint European prospective study of human teratogenesis associated with maternal epilepsy","volume":"38","author":"Samr\u00e9n","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02129.x","volume":"50","author":"Harden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e167","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007696","article-title":"Risks of 23 specific malformations associated with prenatal exposure to 10 antiepileptic drugs","volume":"93","author":"Bloti\u00e8re","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2015.03.003","article-title":"First trimester exposure to topiramate and the risk of oral clefts in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Alsaad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol Elmsford N"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e342","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004857","article-title":"Topiramate use early in pregnancy and the risk of oral clefts: A pregnancy cohort study","volume":"90","author":"Hernandez-Diaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k1596","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1596","article-title":"Weighing the risks of valproate in women who could become pregnant","volume":"361","author":"Angus-Leppan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16407","article-title":"Doing without valproate in women of childbearing potential with idiopathic generalized epilepsy: Implications on seizure outcome","volume":"61","author":"Cerulli Irelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k3625","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3625","article-title":"Royal College of Psychiatrists Intellectual Disability Section, the United Kingdom Learning Disability Professional Senate, and 62 signatories. Valproate, women, and exceptional circumstances","volume":"362","author":"Angus-Leppan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.05.024","article-title":"Valproate and female patients: Prescribing attitudes of Italian epileptologists","volume":"97","author":"Giuliano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav EB"},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0590","article-title":"Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective","volume":"1","author":"Toledo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323524","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of adjunctive lacosamide in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"91","author":"Vossler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005_bib0600","series-title":"Vimpat: Pending EC decision","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Seizure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1059131120303940?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1059131120303940?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T01:56:50Z","timestamp":1761011810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1059131120303940"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":120,"alternative-id":["S1059131120303940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-1311"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-1311","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Alternatives to valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies: state of the art and guidance for the clinician proposed by the Epilepsy and Gender Commission of the Italian League Against Epilepsy (LICE)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seizure","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 British Epilepsy Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}