{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T15:02:14Z","timestamp":1789916534341,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","seizure-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T15:21:43Z","timestamp":1784992903000},"page":"204-212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Vagus nerve stimulation for refractory status epilepticus: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"141","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0015-5005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Lin","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5083-0940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Kuang","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6831-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu-Chi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6675-5906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiunn-Tay","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Yin","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Ju","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Hsiu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dueng-Yuan","family":"Hueng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chen","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.2.205","article-title":"Refractory status epilepticus: frequency, risk factors, and impact on outcome","volume":"59","author":"Mayer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.041947","article-title":"Predictors and prognosis of refractory status epilepticus treated in a neurological intensive care unit","volume":"76","author":"Holtkamp","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12064","article-title":"Mortality and recovery from refractory status epilepticus in the intensive care unit: a 7-year observational study","volume":"54","author":"Sutter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02323.x","article-title":"Refractory status epilepticus: a prospective observational study","volume":"51","author":"Novy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a393d1","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline update: vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy","volume":"81","author":"Morris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2015.02.014","article-title":"VNS for refractory status epilepticus","volume":"112","author":"Zeiler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.05.011","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation in refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Dibu\u00e9-Adjei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1002\/epd2.70053","article-title":"Optimizing vagus nerve stimulation for super refractory status epilepticus: a case series and systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Pichardo-Rojas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.02.011","article-title":"New-onset refractory status epilepticus treated with vagus nerve stimulation: a case report","volume":"47","author":"Yamazoe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0010","first-page":"372","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2002.28501.x","article-title":"Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with pentobarbital, propofol, or midazolam: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Claassen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr215","article-title":"The treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: a critical review of available therapies and a clinical treatment protocol","volume":"134","author":"Shorvon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1718722","article-title":"Status epilepticus: definition, classification, pathophysiology, and epidemiology","volume":"40","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13121","article-title":"A definition and classification of status epilepticus\u2013report of the ILAE task force on classification of status epilepticus","volume":"56","author":"Trinka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1212\/cont.0000000000001530","article-title":"First seizures, acute repetitive seizures, and status epilepticus","volume":"31","author":"Vossler","year":"2025","journal-title":"CONTIN Lifelong Learn Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4103\/jpn.JPN_137_20","article-title":"Electrical status epilepticus during slow-wave sleep (ESES): current perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Arican","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709","article-title":"ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE commission for classification and terminology","volume":"58","author":"Scheffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0018","author":"Gronseth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pract Guidel Process Man"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-201554","article-title":"The CARE guidelines: consensus-based clinical case reporting guideline development","volume":"2013","author":"Gagnier","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0020","unstructured":"NHLBI, NIH. Study Quality Assessment Tools, https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools; 2021 [accessed 30 December 2025]."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0021","article-title":"Proposal for a new classification of outcome with respect to epileptic seizures following epilepsy surgery","volume":"42","author":"Wieser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epilepsia (Series 4)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.557256","article-title":"Reliability of the modified rankin scale","volume":"40","author":"Quinn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V34N7p417","article-title":"The NORSE (new-onset refractory status epilepticus) syndrome: defining a disease entity","volume":"34","author":"Wilder-Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapur"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02535.x","article-title":"Febrile infection\u2013related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): a nonencephalitic encephalopathy in childhood","volume":"51","author":"Van Baalen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1159\/000056018","article-title":"Vagal nerve stimulation for status epilepticus","volume":"34","author":"Winston","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2004.11.026","article-title":"Control of refractory status epilepticus precipitated by anticonvulsant withdrawal using left vagal nerve stimulation: a case report","volume":"64","author":"Patwardhan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-008-0134-8","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is effective in treating catastrophic 1 epilepsy in very young children","volume":"31","author":"Zamponi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2008.05.004","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation for refractory status epilepticus","volume":"13","author":"De Herdt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318223b979","article-title":"Refractory status epilepticus treated with vagal nerve stimulation: case report","volume":"69","author":"O'Neill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03350.x","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Howell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.08.017","article-title":"Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with vagus nerve stimulator in an elderly patient","volume":"95","author":"Yazdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0032","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in super refractory new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE)","volume":"2019","author":"Kurukumbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.008","article-title":"Super refractory status epilepticus in Lafora disease interrupted by vagus nerve stimulation: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Mostacci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00443","article-title":"Refractory status epilepticus in genetic epilepsy\u2014is vagus nerve stimulation an option?","volume":"11","author":"Specchio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.17712\/nsj.2022.4.20220023","article-title":"KCNMA1-related refractory status epilepticus responding to vagal nerve stimulation: case report and literature review","volume":"27","author":"Al-Attas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12654","article-title":"Long-term outcomes after NORSE: treatment with vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"7","author":"Espino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-021-05410-6","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation for super-refractory status epilepticus in febrile infection\u2013related epilepsy syndrome: a pediatric case report and literature review","volume":"38","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child's Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13111589","article-title":"Role of vagus nerve stimulation in refractory and super refractory status epilepticus: a pediatric case series","volume":"13","author":"Furlanis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1183080","article-title":"Safe and effective implantation and use of vagal nerve stimulation in new-onset refractory status epilepticus in early pregnancy: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Jindal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1172898","article-title":"Perspective: vagal nerve stimulation in the treatment of new-onset refractory status epilepticus","volume":"14","author":"Mantoan Ritter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/epd2.20064","article-title":"New-onset refractory status epilepticus responsive to VNS: a case report","volume":"25","author":"Rodriguez-Villar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0042","article-title":"Immediate postoperative activation of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for super-refractory status epilepticus: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Camarena-Rubio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.54029\/2024wpt","article-title":"The therapeutic effect of vagus nerve stimulation on super-refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus","volume":"29","author":"Chung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Asia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/pn-2023-003896","article-title":"Refractory status epilepticus arrested by vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"24","author":"Mehboob","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0045","article-title":"Successful application of vagus nerve stimulation in super refractory status epilepticus associated with MERRF syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Baysal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00551","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation and fast parameter programming protocol in children with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome in ICU","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2010.03.002","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation: outcome and predictors of seizure freedom in long-term follow-up","volume":"19","author":"Ghaemi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Seizure Eur J Epilepsy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.017","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation in 436 consecutive patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: long-term outcomes and predictors of response","volume":"20","author":"Elliott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1095061","article-title":"Seizure burden and neuropsychological outcomes of new-onset refractory status epilepticus: systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Taraschenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2020.0798","article-title":"The effectiveness of vagus nerve stimulation in drug-resistant epilepsy correlates with vagus nerve stimulation-induced electroencephalography desynchronization","volume":"10","author":"Sangare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0051","first-page":"S31","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation therapy, epilepsy, and device parameters","volume":"59","author":"Heck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0052","article-title":"Practical considerations for the rapid titration of VNS","volume":"29","author":"El Tahry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.016","article-title":"VNS parameters for clinical response in Epilepsy","volume":"15","author":"Fahoum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02482.x","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 1. a controlled study of effect on seizures. first international vagus nerve stimulation study group","volume":"35","author":"Ben-Menachem","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2022.108861","article-title":"Rapid titration of VNS therapy reduces time-to-response in epilepsy","volume":"134","author":"Tzadok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7992-0","article-title":"Association of seizure duration and outcome in refractory status epilepticus","volume":"263","author":"Mad\u017ear","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.03.009","article-title":"Long-term outcome of refractory status epilepticus in adults: a retrospective population-based study","volume":"133","author":"Kantanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.578","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in refractory status epilepticus","volume":"70","author":"Hocker","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMa Neurol"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001940","article-title":"New-onset refractory status epilepticus","volume":"85","author":"Gaspard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0060","article-title":"Updates in refractory status epilepticus","volume":"2018","author":"Marawar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.05.012","article-title":"Pediatric refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus","volume":"68","author":"Vasquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.273","article-title":"Functional and cognitive outcome in prolonged refractory status epilepticus","volume":"66","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0989-1","article-title":"Status epilepticus severity score (STESS) a tool to orient early treatment strategy","volume":"255","author":"Rossetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1393","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200912","article-title":"Mortality, disability, and prognostic factors of status epilepticus: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"99","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1268","article-title":"Change in mortality of generalized convulsive status epilepticus in high-income countries over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Neligan","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMa Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003550","article-title":"Refractory status epilepticus in children with and without prior epilepsy or status epilepticus","volume":"88","author":"S\u00e1nchez Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12136","article-title":"Early developmental outcomes in children following convulsive status epilepticus: a longitudinal study","volume":"54","author":"Martinos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"S2","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14515","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of status epilepticus: a critical assessment","volume":"59","author":"Sculier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012030","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation and seizure outcomes in pediatric refractory epilepsy","volume":"96","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-025-03839-w","article-title":"Outcome and predictors of response to vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Crutcher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.2407","article-title":"Outcomes and treatment approaches for super-refractory status epilepticus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Cornwall","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMa Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2024.06.023","article-title":"Refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus in children and adolescents: a population-based study","volume":"120","author":"Heps\u00f8","year":"2024","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-014-0080-y","article-title":"Epidemiology-based mortality score in status epilepticus (EMSE)","volume":"22","author":"Leitinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1161161","article-title":"Investigating the genetic contribution in febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome and refractory status epilepticus","volume":"14","author":"deCampo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1474888","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and prognosis analysis of acute symptomatic seizures secondary to autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2021.106744","article-title":"Role of epilepsy surgery in refractory status epilepticus in children","volume":"176","author":"Jagtap","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2280","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010787","article-title":"New-onset super-refractory status epilepticus","volume":"95","author":"Matthews","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.02.007","article-title":"Refractory status epilepticus: impact of baseline comorbidity and usefulness of STESS and EMSE scoring systems in predicting mortality and functional outcome","volume":"56","author":"Ciurans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-013-9823-4","article-title":"Clinical outcomes following prolonged refractory status epilepticus (PRSE)","volume":"18","author":"Kilbride","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17391","article-title":"International consensus recommendations for management of new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) including febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): summary and clinical tools","volume":"63","author":"Wickstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12568","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the centromedian thalamic nucleus for the treatment of FIRES","volume":"7","author":"Hect","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"}],"container-title":["Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1059131126002232?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1059131126002232?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T14:28:38Z","timestamp":1789914518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1059131126002232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["S1059131126002232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-1311"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-1311","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Vagus nerve stimulation for refractory status epilepticus: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seizure.2026.07.025","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 British Epilepsy Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}