{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T19:59:07Z","timestamp":1770148747589,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322697600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,25]],"date-time":"2011-08-25T22:23:40Z","timestamp":1314311020000},"page":"434-444","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Syndrome of Cocaine-Levamisole-Induced Cutaneous Vasculitis and Immune-Mediated Leukopenia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Samuel H.","family":"Poon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Crisostomo R.","family":"Baliog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph N.","family":"Sams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Robinson-Bostom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gladys H.","family":"Telang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony M.","family":"Reginato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.03.040","article-title":"Cocaine abuse: dermatologic manifestations and therapeutic approaches","volume":"59","author":"Brewer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib2","first-page":"1381","article-title":"Agranulocytosis associated with cocaine use\u2014four States, March 2008-November 2009","volume":"58","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-6-30","article-title":"Levamisole tainted cocaine causing severe neutropenia in Alberta and British Columbia","volume":"6","author":"Knowles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Harm Reduction J"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib4","first-page":"S71","article-title":"Drug resistance and neurotransmitter receptors of nematodes: recent studies on the mode of action of levamisole","volume":"131","author":"Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1989.7.10.1447","article-title":"Surgical adjuvant therapy of large-bowel carcinoma: An evaluation of levamisole and the combination of levamisole and fluorouracil","volume":"7","author":"Laurie","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199002083220602","article-title":"Levamisole and Fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma","volume":"322","author":"Moertel","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib7","first-page":"111","article-title":"Goldsalts, levamisole and D-penicillamine as first choice slow-acting antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis\u2014a long-term follow-up study","volume":"5","author":"Veys","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib8","first-page":"343","article-title":"Efficacy of mebendazole and levamisole alone or in combination against intestinal nematode infections after repeated targeted mebendazole treatment in Zanzibar","volume":"81","author":"Albonico","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V56.3.388.388","article-title":"Studies on levamisole-induced agranulocytosis","volume":"56","author":"Thompson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830090205","article-title":"Mechanisms of levamisole-induced granulocytopenia in breast cancer patients","volume":"9","author":"Vogel","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050753","article-title":"Disseminated autoimmune disease during levamisole treatment of nephrotic syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Barbano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.75.4.355-b","article-title":"Vasculitis associated with levamisole and circulating autoantibodies","volume":"75","author":"Laux-End","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1997.tb00695.x","article-title":"Ear lobe bilateral necrosis by levamisole-induced occlusive vasculitis in a pediatric patient","volume":"14","author":"Menni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02833.x","article-title":"Purpura of the ears: a distinctive vasculopathy with circulating autoantibodies complicating long-term treatment with levamisole in children","volume":"140","author":"Rongioletti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib15","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Levamisole-induced vasculitis","volume":"14","author":"Bagga","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3282f1dcf2","article-title":"Vasculitis mimics","volume":"20","author":"Molloy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(95)80029-8","article-title":"Cocaine-associated cerebral vasculitis","volume":"25","author":"Merkel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s100670170031","article-title":"Cocaine induced Raynaud's phenomenon and ischaemic finger necrosis","volume":"20","author":"Balbir-Gurman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09010175","article-title":"Cocaine-induced Churg-Strauss vasculitis","volume":"9","author":"Orriols","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2954","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20479","article-title":"Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies reacting with human neutrophil elastase as a diagnostic marker for cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions but not autoimmune vasculitis","volume":"50","author":"Wiesner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1159\/000186582","article-title":"Skin vasculitis, hypokalemia and acute renal failure in rhabdomyolysis associated with cocaine","volume":"59","author":"Enr\u00edquez","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.13.2057","article-title":"Cocaine and Buerger disease: is there a pathogenetic association?","volume":"160","author":"Marder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2006.08.001","article-title":"Four-extremity gangrene associated with crack cocaine abuse","volume":"49","author":"Dhawan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1L487","article-title":"Cocaine-related vasculitis causing scrotal gangrene","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-006-0327-x","article-title":"Cocaine use and its rheumatic manifestations: a case report and discussion","volume":"26","author":"Bhinder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib26","first-page":"838","article-title":"Nasal cocaine abuse causing an aggressive midline intranasal and pharyngeal destructive process mimicking midline reticulosis and limited Wegener's granulomatosis","volume":"17","author":"Daggett","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.4065\/80.5.671","article-title":"Cocaine-induced pseudovasculitis","volume":"80","author":"Friedman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00026","article-title":"Bilateral necrosis of earlobes and cheeks: another complication of cocaine contaminated with levamisole","volume":"152","author":"Bradford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"63","key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.01.055","article-title":"Cocaine-associated retiform purpura and neutropenia: Is levamisole the culprit?","author":"Waller","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)65279-3","article-title":"Wegener's granulomatosis: observations on treatment with antimicrobial agents","volume":"60","author":"DeRemee","year":"1985","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200101000-00002","article-title":"Management of the ear, nose, and throat manifestations of Wegener granulomatosis: an otorhinolaryngologist's perspective","volume":"13","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.03087.x","article-title":"Urticarial vasculitis following cocaine use","volume":"141","author":"Hofbauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5070\/D33Q1500T8","article-title":"Retiform purpura: A new stigmata of illicit drug use?","volume":"17","author":"Geller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2010.01613.x","article-title":"Cocaine-related retiform purpura: evidence to incriminate the adulterant, levamisole","volume":"37","author":"Walsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5070\/D33032V4NC","article-title":"Retiform purpura in a patient with a history of cocaine use","volume":"17","author":"Fthenakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib36","first-page":"320","article-title":"A new low for an old high: neutropenia induced by levamisole-adulterated cocaine","volume":"93","author":"Van Wieren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Health RI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2010.335","article-title":"Levamisole-Induced Cutaneous Necrosis Mimicking Coagulopathy","volume":"146","author":"Farhat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S004901721100151X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S004901721100151X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:40:14Z","timestamp":1686271214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S004901721100151X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S004901721100151X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-0172"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-0172","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}}}