{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T03:25:57Z","timestamp":1789961157891,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T21:33:04Z","timestamp":1589837584000},"page":"645-656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Abatacept in the treatment of localized scleroderma: A pediatric case series and systematic literature review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kalampokis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belina Y.","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimee C.","family":"Smidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulian F, Vallongo C, Woo P, Russo R, Ruperto N, Harper J, et al. Localized scleroderma in childhood is not just a skin disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:2873-81.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21264"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torok KS. Pediatric scleroderma: systemic or localized forms. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2012;59:381-405.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.03.011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li SC. Scleroderma in children and adolescents: localized scleroderma and systemic sclerosis. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2018;65:757-81.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.04.002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulian F, Athreya BH, Laxer R, Nelson AM, Feitosa de Oliveira SK, Punaro MG, et al. Juvenile localized scleroderma: clinical and epidemiological features in 750 children. An international study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45:614-20.","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei251"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0005","unstructured":"Peterson LS, Nelson AM, Su WP, Mason T, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. The epidemiology of morphea (localized scleroderma) in Olmsted County 1960-1993. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:73-80."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray KJ, Laxer RM. Scleroderma in children and adolescents. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2002;28:603-24.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(02)00010-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson W, Jacobe H. Morphea in adults and children cohort II: patients with morphea experience delay in diagnosis and large variation in treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:881-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.01.011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laxer RM, Zulian F. Localized scleroderma. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2006;18:606-13.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000245727.40630.c3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zwischenberger BA, Jacobe HT. A systematic review of morphea treatments and therapeutic algorithm. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65:925-41.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.09.006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroft EB, Groeneveld TJ, Seyger MM, de Jong EM. Efficacy of topical tacrolimus 0.1% in active plaque morphea: randomized, double-blind, emollient-controlled pilot study. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2009;10:181-7.","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200910030-00004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dytoc M, Ting PT, Man J, Sawyer D, Fiorillo L. First case series on the use of imiquimod for morphoea. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:815-20.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06776.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunningham BB, Landells ID, Langman C, Sailer DE, Paller AS. Topical calcipotriene for morphea\/linear scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39:211-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70077-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreuter A, Hyun J, Stucker M, Sommer A, Altmeyer P, Gambichler T. A randomized controlled study of low-dose UVA1, medium-dose UVA1, and narrowband UVB phototherapy in the treatment of localized scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:440-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.11.1063"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sator PG, Radakovic S, Schulmeister K, Honigsmann H, Tanew A. Medium-dose is more effective than low-dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy for localized scleroderma as shown by 20-MHz ultrasound assessment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:786-91.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.12.013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li SC, Feldman BM, Higgins GC, Haines KA, Punaro MG, O'Neil KM. Treatment of pediatric localized scleroderma: results of a survey of North American pediatric rheumatologists. J Rheumatol. 2010;37:175-81.","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090708"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li SC, Torok KS, Pope E, Dedeoglu F, Hong S, Jacobe HT, et al. Development of consensus treatment plans for juvenile localized scleroderma: a roadmap toward comparative effectiveness studies in juvenile localized scleroderma. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64:1175-85.","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21687"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulian F, Culpo R, Sperotto F, Anton J, Avcin T, Baildam EM, et al. Consensus-based recommendations for the management of juvenile localised scleroderma. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:1019-24.","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214697"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seyger MM, van den Hoogen FH, de Boo T, de Jong EM. Low-dose methotrexate in the treatment of widespread morphea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39:220-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70079-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uziel Y, Feldman BM, Krafchik BR, Yeung RS, Laxer RM. Methotrexate and corticosteroid therapy for pediatric localized scleroderma. J Pediatr. 2000;136:91-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(00)90056-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreuter A, Gambichler T, Breuckmann F, Rotterdam S, Freitag M, Stuecker M, et al. Pulsed high-dose corticosteroids combined with low-dose methotrexate in severe localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:847-52.","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.141.7.847"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weibel L, Sampaio MC, Visentin MT, Howell KJ, Woo P, Harper JI. Evaluation of methotrexate and corticosteroids for the treatment of localized scleroderma (morphoea) in children. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:1013-20.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07497.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroft EB, Creemers MC, van den Hoogen FH, Boezeman JB, de Jong EM. Effectiveness, side-effects and period of remission after treatment with methotrexate in localized scleroderma and related sclerotic skin diseases: an inception cohort study. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:1075-82.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.09017.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torok KS, Arkachaisri T. Methotrexate and corticosteroids in the treatment of localized scleroderma: a standardized prospective longitudinal single-center study. J Rheumatol. 2012;39:286-94.","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110210"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0024","unstructured":"Fitch PG, Rettig P, Burnham JM, Finkel TH, Yan AC, Akin E, et al. Treatment of pediatric localized scleroderma with methotrexate. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:609-14."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulian F, Martini G, Vallongo C, Vittadello F, Falcini F, Patrizi A, et al. Methotrexate treatment in juvenile localized scleroderma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:1998-2006.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30264"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini G, Ramanan AV, Falcini F, Girschick H, Goldsmith DP, Zulian F. Successful treatment of severe or methotrexate-resistant juvenile localized scleroderma with mycophenolate mofetil. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:1410-3.","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep244"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendoza FA, Nagle SJ, Lee JB, Jimenez SA. A prospective observational study of mycophenolate mofetil treatment in progressive diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis of recent onset. J Rheumatol. 2012;39:1241-7.","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.111229"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le EN, Wigley FM, Shah AA, Boin F, Hummers LK. Long-term experience of mycophenolate mofetil for treatment of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:1104-7.","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.142000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nihtyanova SI, Brough GM, Black CM, Denton CP. Mycophenolate mofetil in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis\u2013a retrospective analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46:442-5.","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel244"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stausbol-Gron B, Olesen AB, Deleuran B, Deleuran MS. Abatacept is a promising treatment for patients with disseminated morphea profunda: presentation of two cases. Acta Derm Venereol. 2011;91:686-8.","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1136"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adeeb F, Anjum S, Hodnett P, Kashif A, Brady M, Morrissey S, et al. Early- and late-stage morphea subtypes with deep tissue involvement is treatable with Abatacept (Orencia). Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017;46:775-81.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.08.018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fage SW, Arvesen KB, Olesen AB. Abatacept improves skin-score and reduces lesions in patients with localized scleroderma: a case series. Acta Derm Venereol. 2018;98:465-6.","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2878"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kn\u00f6pfel N. LI, Schwieger\u2010Briel A., Schroeder\u2010Kohler S., Theiler M., Weibel L. Successful treatment of childhood localized scleroderma with abatacept: a case series. Pediatr Dermatol. 2019;36, Supplement 1 (S44).","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13813"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arkachaisri T, Vilaiyuk S, Li S, O'Neil KM, Pope E, Higgins GC, et al. The localized scleroderma skin severity index and physician global assessment of disease activity: a work in progress toward development of localized scleroderma outcome measures. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:2819-29.","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.081284"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arkachaisri T, Vilaiyuk S, Torok KS, Medsger TA, Jr. Development and initial validation of the localized scleroderma skin damage index and physician global assessment of disease damage: a proof-of-concept study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:373-81.","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep361"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelsey CE, Torok KS. The localized scleroderma cutaneous assessment tool: responsiveness to change in a pediatric clinical population. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:214-20.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.02.007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torok KS. Assigning values to the localized scleroderma cutaneous assessment tool (LoSCAT) score indicating degree of severity and responsiveness: fostering practical use in clinic and therapeutic studies for morphoea\/localized scleroderma. Br J Dermatol. 2020;182:272-3.","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18782"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ. 2015;350:g7647.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson WS, Wilson MC, Nishikawa J, Hayward RS. The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP J Club. 1995;123:A12-3.","DOI":"10.7326\/ACPJC-1995-123-3-A12"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Methley AM, Campbell S, Chew-Graham C, McNally R, Cheraghi-Sohi S. PICO, PICOS and SPIDER: a comparison study of specificity and sensitivity in three search tools for qualitative systematic reviews. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:579.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-014-0579-0"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim SY, Park JE, Lee YJ, Seo HJ, Sheen SS, Hahn S, et al. Testing a tool for assessing the risk of bias for nonrandomized studies showed moderate reliability and promising validity. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66:408-14.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.09.016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adeeb F, Anjum S, Hussein O, Ng WL, Brady M, Morrissey S, et al. AB0694\u2005resolution of generalized deep variant morphea (morphea profunda): a case series of three patients successfully treated with abatacept. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74Supplement2 (1130)","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-eular.3696"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0043","unstructured":"McCarthy S, Roche L, Griffin L, Lynch M, Hackett C, Ramsay B, et al. Abatacept: a novel treatment in severe limited scleroderma and morphoea. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177Supplement1 (63)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan MU, Adeeb F, Devlin J, Fraser AD. Abatacept, a promising treatment for early and late-stage morphea subtypes: a follow-up study from the Midwest of Ireland. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57Supplement3 (iii126).","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key075.427"},{"issue":"243","key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0045","first-page":"1","article-title":"Is abatacept a usefull treatment for patients with localized scleroderma? A case description of all localized scleroderma patients treated with abatacept at the department of dermatology, Aarhus university hospital, from 2009 to 2016","volume":"3","author":"SW","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Scleroderma Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jinnin M. Mechanisms of skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. J Dermatol. 2010;37:11-25.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2009.00738.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown M, O'Reilly S. The immunopathogenesis of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2019;195:310-21.","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13238"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens AM, Torok KS, Li SC, Taber SF, Lu TT, Zulian F. Immunopathogenesis of juvenile systemic sclerosis. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1352.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01352"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baraut J, Michel L, Verrecchia F, Farge D. Relationship between cytokine profiles and clinical outcomes in patients with systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;10:65-73.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.08.003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasegawa M, Takehara K. Potential immunologic targets for treating fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: a review focused on leukocytes and cytokines. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012;42:281-96.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2012.03.014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torok KS, Li SC, Jacobe HM, Taber SF, Stevens AM, Zulian F, et al. Immunopathogenesis of pediatric localized scleroderma. Front Immunol. 2019;10:908.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00908"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torok KS, Kurzinski K, Kelsey C, Yabes J, Magee K, Vallejo AN, et al. Peripheral blood cytokine and chemokine profiles in juvenile localized scleroderma: T-helper cell-associated cytokine profiles. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015;45:284-93.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2015.06.006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Brien JC, Rainwater YB, Malviya N, Cyrus N, Auer-Hackenberg L, Hynan LS, et al. Transcriptional and cytokine profiles identify CXCL9 as a biomarker of disease activity in Morphea. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137:1663-70.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.04.008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ihn H, Sato S, Fujimoto M, Kikuchi K, Takehara K. Demonstration of interleukin 8 in serum samples of patients with localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130:1327-8.","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1994.01690100117021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ihn H, Sato S, Fujimoto M, Kikuchi K, Takehara K. Demonstration of interleukin-2, interleukin-4 and interleukin-6 in sera from patients with localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol Res. 1995;287:193-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01262331"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasegawa M, Sato S, Nagaoka T, Fujimoto M, Takehara K. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-13 are elevated in patients with localized scleroderma. Dermatology. 2003;207:141-7.","DOI":"10.1159\/000071783"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uziel Y, Feldman BM, Krafchik BR, Laxer RM, Yeung RS. Increased serum levels of TGFbeta1 in children with localized scleroderma. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2007;5:22.","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-5-22"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budzynska-Wlodarczyk J, Michalska-Jakubus MM, Kowal M, Krasowska D. Evaluation of serum concentrations of the selected cytokines in patients with localized scleroderma. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2016;33:47-51.","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2015.48044"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uziel Y, Krafchik BR, Feldman B, Silverman ED, Rubin LA, Laxer RM. Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor. A marker of disease activity in localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:898-901.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370618"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0060","unstructured":"Nagaoka T, Sato S, Hasegawa M, Ihn H, Takehara K. Serum levels of soluble interleukin 6 receptor and soluble gp130 are elevated in patients with localized scleroderma. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1917-21."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danczak-Pazdrowska A, Kowalczyk M, Szramka-Pawlak B, Gornowicz-Porowska J, Szewczyk A, Silny W, et al. Interleukin-17A and interleukin-23 in morphea. Arch Med Sci. 2012;8:1089-95.","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2012.32421"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magee KE, Kelsey CE, Kurzinski KL, Ho J, Mlakar LR, Feghali-Bostwick CA, et al. Interferon-gamma inducible protein-10 as a potential biomarker in localized scleroderma. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15:R188.","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4378"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambichler T, Skrygan M, Labanski AA, Kolios AG, Altmeyer P, Kreuter A. Significantly increased CCL5\/RANTES and CCR7 mRNA levels in localized scleroderma. Regul Pept. 2011;170:4-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2011.05.003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang TT, Kuchroo VK, Sharpe AH. Role of the B7-CD28\/CTLA-4 pathway in autoimmune disease. Curr Dir Autoimmun. 2002;5:113-30.","DOI":"10.1159\/000060550"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen L, Flies DB. Molecular mechanisms of T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:227-42.","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3405"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christen-Zaech S, Hakim MD, Afsar FS, Paller AS. Pediatric morphea (localized scleroderma): review of 136 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59:385-96.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.05.005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leitenberger JJ, Cayce RL, Haley RW, Adams-Huet B, Bergstresser PR, Jacobe HT. Distinct autoimmune syndromes in morphea: a review of 245 adult and pediatric cases. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145:545-50.","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2009.79"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pequet MS, Holland KE, Zhao S, Drolet BA, Galbraith SS, Siegel DH, et al. Risk factors for morphoea disease severity: a retrospective review of 114 paediatric patients. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170:895-900.","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12758"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0069","unstructured":"Kuhnl P, Sibrowski W, Kalmar G, Holzmann H, Sollberg S, Bohm BO. HLA-antigen frequencies in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and morphea. Beitr Infusionsther. 1990;26:287-9."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobe H, Ahn C, Arnett FC, Reveille JD. Major histocompatibility complex class I and class II alleles may confer susceptibility to or protection against morphea: findings from the Morphea in Adults and Children cohort. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66:3170-7.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38814"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cifuentes RA, Murillo-Rojas J. Alzheimer's disease and HLA-A2: linking neurodegenerative to immune processes through an in silico approach. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:791238.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/791238"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang ZX, Wang HF, Tan L, Sun FR, Tan MS, Tan CC, et al. HLA-A2 Alleles Mediate Alzheimer's Disease by Altering Hippocampal Volume. Mol Neurobiol. 2017;54:2469-76.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9832-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weyand CM, Hicok KC, Conn DL, Goronzy JJ. The influence of HLA-DRB1 genes on disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:801-6.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-10-801"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James EA, Gillette L, Durinovic-Bello I, Speake C, Bondinas GP, Moustakas AK, et al. DRB4*01:01 has a distinct motif and presents a proinsulin epitope that is recognized in subjects with type 1 diabetes. J Immunol. 2018;201:3524-33.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800723"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu LY, Xu CC, Zheng XD, Chen G, Zhu J, Wang PG. Association of HLA-DQB1*03:03 with pityriasis rosea in Chinese patients. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2018;43:389-92.","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13313"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng HY, Yang LX, Liu WB, Huang X, Qiu L, Li Y. The HLA-B*4601-DRB1*0901 haplotype is positively correlated with juvenile ocular myasthenia gravis in a southern Chinese Han population. Neurol Sci. 2015;36:1135-40.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2235-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weyand CM, Xie C, Goronzy JJ. Homozygosity for the HLA-DRB1 allele selects for extraarticular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest. 1992;89: 2033-9.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115814"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0078","unstructured":"Arranz E, Telleria JJ, Sanz A, Martin JF, Alonso M, Calvo C, et al. HLA-DQA1*0501 and DQB1*02 homozygosity and disease susceptibility in Spanish coeliac patients. Exp Clin Immunogenet. 1997;14:286-90."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Ortiz E, Montraveta M, Cabre E, Herrero-Mata MJ, Pujol-Borrell R, Palou E, et al. HLA-DQ2\/DQ8 and HLA-DQB1*02 homozygosity typing by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the assessment of celiac disease genetic risk: evaluation of a Spanish celiac population. Tissue Antigens. 2014;84:545-53.","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.12472"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sdepanian VL, Lopes LHC, Oliveira RP, Muniz JG. Celiac disease in first-degree relatives: homozygosity of DQB1*02 and at least one copy of HLA-DQB1*02 allele. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019;69:e149.","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002476"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah N, Decker WK, Lapushin R, Xing D, Robinson SN, Yang H, et al. HLA homozygosity and haplotype bias among patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: implications for disease control by physiological immune surveillance. Leukemia. 2011;25:1036-9.","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2011.30"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin PJ, Petersdorf EW, Anasetti C, Hansen JA. HLA homozygosity and the risk of graft-versus-host disease. Tissue Antigens. 1997;50:119-23.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02850.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De La Concha EG, Fernandez-Arquero M, Martinez A, Vidal F, Vigil P, Conejero L, et al. HLA class II homozygosity confers susceptibility to common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Clin Exp Immunol. 1999;116:516-20.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1999.00926.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khatri S, Torok KS, Mirizio E, Liu C, Astakhova K. Autoantibodies in morphea: an update. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1487.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01487"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takehara K, Moroi Y, Nakabayashi Y, Ishibashi Y. Antinuclear antibodies in localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum. 1983;26:612-6.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780260506"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falanga V, Medsger TA, Jr., Reichlin M, Rodnan GP. Linear scleroderma. Clinical spectrum, prognosis, and laboratory abnormalities. Ann Intern Med. 1986;104:849-57.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-104-6-849"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serup J, Staun-Olsen P. Antinuclear antibodies and anti-DNA antibodies in scleroderma. A possible relationship between joint manifestations and increased antibodies in localized scleroderma. Allergy. 1986;41:452-6.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1986.tb00326.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kikuchi K, Takehara K, Ishibashi Y. Antinuclear antibodies in localized scleroderma: unique staining in chromosome spreads. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;21:1301-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)80310-X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreuter A, Wischnewski J, Terras S, Altmeyer P, Stucker M, Gambichler T. Coexistence of lichen sclerosus and morphea: a retrospective analysis of 472 patients with localized scleroderma from a German tertiary referral center. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1157-62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.04.003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dharamsi JW, Victor S, Aguwa N, Ahn C, Arnett F, Mayes MD, et al. Morphea in adults and children cohort III: nested case-control study\u2013the clinical significance of autoantibodies in morphea. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149:1159-65.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.4207"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurzinski KL, Zigler CK, Torok KS. Prediction of disease relapse in a cohort of paediatric patients with localized scleroderma. Br J Dermatol. 2019;180:1183-9.","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17312"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arkachaisri T, Fertig N, Pino S, Medsger TA, Jr. Serum autoantibodies and their clinical associations in patients with childhood- and adult-onset linear scleroderma. A single-center study. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:2439-44.","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080098"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreuter A, Mitrakos G, Hofmann SC, Lehmann P, Sticherling M, Krieg T, et al. Localized scleroderma of the head and face area: a retrospective cross-sectional study of 96 patients from 5 German tertiary referral centres. Acta Derm Venereol. 2018;98:603-5.","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2920"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"el-Azhary RA, Aponte CC, Nelson AM, Weaver AL, Homburger HA. Antihistone antibodies in linear scleroderma variants. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45:1296-9.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02891.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0095","unstructured":"Rosenberg AM, Uziel Y, Krafchik BR, Hauta SA, Prokopchuk PA, Silverman ED, et al. Antinuclear antibodies in children with localized scleroderma. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:2337-43."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato S, Ihn H, Soma Y, Igarashi A, Tamaki T, Kikuchi K, et al. Antihistone antibodies in patients with localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36:1137-41.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780360815"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato S, Fujimoto M, Ihn H, Kikuchi K, Takehara K. Clinical characteristics associated with antihistone antibodies in patients with localized scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31:567-71.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(94)70217-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato S, Fujimoto M, Ihn H, Kikuchi K, Takehara K. Antigen specificity of antihistone antibodies in localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130:1273-7.","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1994.01690100057009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parodi A, Drosera M, Barbieri L, Rebora A. Antihistone antibodies in scleroderma. Dermatology. 1995;191:16-8.","DOI":"10.1159\/000246474"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurzinski K, Torok KS. Cytokine profiles in localized scleroderma and relationship to clinical features. Cytokine. 2011;55:157-64.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.04.001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"el-Azhary RA, Aponte CC, Nelson AM. Do antihistone autoantibodies reflect disease activity in linear scleroderma?. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:759-60.","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.6.759"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vancheeswaran R, Black CM, David J, Hasson N, Harper J, Atherton D, et al. Childhood-onset scleroderma: is it different from adult-onset disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39:1041-9.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390624"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mimura Y, Ihn H, Jinnin M, Asano Y, Yamane K, Tamaki K. Rheumatoid factor isotypes in localized scleroderma. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005;30:405-8.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2005.01776.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulian F, Vallongo C, Patrizi A, Belloni-Fortina A, Cutrone M, Alessio M, et al. A long-term follow-up study of methotrexate in juvenile localized scleroderma (morphea). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1151-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.03.036"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li SC, Li X, Pope E, Stewart K, Higgins GC, Rabinovich CE, et al. New features for measuring disease activity in pediatric localized scleroderma. J Rheumatol. 2018;45:1680-8.","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.171381"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li SC, Fuhlbrigge RC, Laxer RM, Pope E, Ibarra MF, Stewart K, et al. Developing comparative effectiveness studies for a rare, understudied pediatric disease: lessons learned from the CARRA juvenile localized scleroderma consensus treatment plan pilot study. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2019;17:43.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-019-0350-5"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0049017220300925?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0049017220300925?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T17:02:50Z","timestamp":1758733370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0049017220300925"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0049017220300925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-0172"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-0172","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Abatacept in the treatment of localized scleroderma: A pediatric case series and systematic literature review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.03.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}