{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:16:23Z","timestamp":1785838583406,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Cancer Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]],"date-time":"2020-05-30T11:25:59Z","timestamp":1590837959000},"page":"291-312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Repurposing of artemisinin-type drugs for the treatment of acute leukemia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Efferth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2018.11.011","article-title":"Artemisinin, the magic drug discovered from traditional chinese medicine","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10210","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201601967","article-title":"Artemisinin-a gift from traditional chinese medicine to the world (Nobel lecture)","volume":"55","author":"Tu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2471","article-title":"The discovery of artemisinin (qinghaosu) and gifts from Chinese medicine","volume":"17","author":"Tu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1901233","article-title":"A temporizing solution to \u201cArtemisinin resistance\u201d","volume":"380","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0025","first-page":"767","article-title":"The anti-malarial artesunate is also active against cancer","volume":"18","author":"Efferth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.02.009","article-title":"From ancient herb to modern drug: artemisia annua and artemisinin for cancer therapy","volume":"46","author":"Efferth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.02.017","article-title":"Antischistosomal activity of artemisinin derivatives in vivo and in patients","volume":"110","author":"Saeed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.01.001","article-title":"Beyond malaria: the inhibition of viruses by artemisinin-type compounds","volume":"36","author":"Efferth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.06.002","article-title":"The activity of Artemisia spp. and their constituents against Trypanosomiasis","volume":"47","author":"Na\u00df","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0050","first-page":"196","article-title":"Detection of apoptosis in KG-1a leukemic cells treated with investigational drugs","volume":"46","author":"Efferth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-018-0561-0","article-title":"Artesunate shows potent anti-tumor activity in B-cell lymphoma","volume":"11","author":"Vatsveen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-010-0697-3","article-title":"Artesunate inhibiting angiogenesis induced by human myeloma RPMI8226 cells","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e798","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000798","article-title":"Role of transferrin receptor and the ABC transporters ABCB6 and ABCB7 for resistance and differentiation of tumor cells towards artesunate","volume":"2","author":"Kelter","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2003.12.035","article-title":"Combination treatment of glioblastoma multiforme cell lines with the anti-malarial artesunate and the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor OSI-774","volume":"67","author":"Efferth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e693","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000693","article-title":"Artesunate induces ROS-mediated apoptosis in doxorubicin-resistant T leukemia cells","volume":"2","author":"Efferth","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2017.11.003","article-title":"Cancer combination therapy of the sesquiterpenoid artesunate and the selective EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib","volume":"37","author":"Efferth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104275","article-title":"Development of artemisinin resistance in malaria therapy","volume":"146","author":"Na\u00df","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1038\/498S2a","article-title":"Living with leukaemia","volume":"498","author":"Elert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-03-643544","article-title":"The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia","volume":"127","author":"Arber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1406184","article-title":"Acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"373","author":"Dohner","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-08-733196","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2017 ELN recommendations from an international expert panel","volume":"129","author":"D\u00f6hner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-12-399287","article-title":"Outcome of relapsed adult lymphoblastic leukemia depends on response to salvage chemotherapy, prognostic factors, and performance of stem cell transplantation","volume":"120","author":"G\u00f6kbuget","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-001149","article-title":"Clinical relevance of mutations and gene-expression changes in adult acute myeloid leukemia with normal cytogenetics: are we ready for a prognostically prioritized molecular classification?","volume":"109","author":"Mrozek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-08-604520","article-title":"An update of current treatments for adult acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"127","author":"Dombret","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0615-z","article-title":"LILRB4 signalling in leukaemia cells mediates T cell suppression and tumour infiltration","volume":"562","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2014.11.004","article-title":"c-Myc plays part in drug resistance mediated by bone marrow stromal cells in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"39","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-015-0253-6","article-title":"Role of microenvironment in resistance to therapy in AML","volume":"10","author":"Tabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11405","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1104063108","article-title":"Artemisinin activity against Plasmodium falciparum requires hemoglobin uptake and digestion","volume":"108","author":"Klonis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1021\/ar990164o","article-title":"Meunier, From mechanistic studies on artemisinin derivatives to new modular antimalarial drugs","volume":"35","author":"Robert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7144","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0574089","article-title":"Modeling the decomposition mechanism of artemisinin","volume":"110","author":"Moles","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.023","article-title":"Enhancement of cytotoxicity of artemisinins toward cancer cells by ferrous iron","volume":"37","author":"Efferth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-012-9873-z","article-title":"Development of artemisinin compounds for cancer treatment","volume":"31","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. New Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.16.12.1665","article-title":"Anticancer activity of artemisinin-derived trioxanes","volume":"16","author":"Posner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6587","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.210047","article-title":"Artesunate activates mitochondrial apoptosis in breast cancer cells via iron-catalyzed lysosomal reactive oxygen species production","volume":"286","author":"Hamacher-Brady","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.08.021","article-title":"Inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo and growth of Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma xenograft tumors by the anti-malarial artesunate","volume":"68","author":"Dell\u2019Eva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2005.04.003","article-title":"Mechanistic perspectives for 1,2,4-trioxanes in anti-cancer therapy","volume":"8","author":"Efferth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.tpj.6500371","article-title":"Microarray expression profiles of angiogenesis-related genes predict tumor cell response to artemisinins","volume":"6","author":"Anfosso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacogenom. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4347","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-2970","article-title":"Artesunate derived from traditional chinese medicine induces dna damage and repair","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2010.01120.x","article-title":"Design of novel artemisinin-like derivatives with cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic properties","volume":"15","author":"Soomro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.10.006","article-title":"Molecular interaction of artemisinin with translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) of Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"85","author":"Eichhorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1021\/np50096a007","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of artemisinin-related endoperoxides to Ehrlich ascites tumor cells","volume":"56","author":"Woerdenbag","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15042886","article-title":"Pharmacogenomic identification of c-Myc\/Max-regulated genes associated with cytotoxicity of artesunate towards human colon, ovarian and lung cancer cell lines","volume":"15","author":"Sertel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24496","article-title":"Artemisinin dimer anticancer activity correlates with heme-catalyzed reactive oxygen species generation and endoplasmic reticulum stress induction","volume":"125","author":"Stockwin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2174\/138945006776359412","article-title":"Molecular pharmacology and pharmacogenomics of artemisinin and its derivatives in cancer cells","volume":"7","author":"Efferth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0225","first-page":"19","article-title":"Artemisinin and its synthetic derivatives as a possible therapy for cancer","volume":"6","author":"Konstat-Korzenny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21101331","article-title":"Artemisinin and its derivatives as a repurposing anticancer agent: what else do we need to do?","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000000697","article-title":"Artemisinin and its derivatives: a potential treatment for leukemia","volume":"30","author":"Lam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399409001239","article-title":"Anticancer activities of artemisinin and its bioactive derivatives","volume":"11","author":"Firestone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05630","article-title":"Multiple molecular mechanisms for multidrug resistance transporters","volume":"446","author":"Higgins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2014.11.002","article-title":"The modulation of ABC transporter-mediated multidrug resistance in cancer: a review of the past decade","volume":"18","author":"Kathawala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19900901)66:5<868::AID-CNCR2820660510>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Expression of the multidrug transporter, P-glycoprotein, in acute leukemia cells and correlation to clinical drug resistance","volume":"66","author":"Kuwazuru","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.02.020","article-title":"Mechanisms and strategies to overcome multiple drug resistance in cancer","volume":"580","author":"Ozben","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2019.152998","article-title":"Interactions between artemisinin derivatives and P-glycoprotein","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040841","article-title":"Treatment of multidrug-resistant leukemia cells by novel artemisinin-, egonol-, and thymoquinone-derived hybrid compounds","volume":"23","author":"Gruber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0275","first-page":"5590","article-title":"10-phenyltriazoyl Artemisinin is a novel P-glycoprotein inhibitor that suppresses the overexpression and function of P-glycoprotein","volume":"24","author":"Dong-Hwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2012.104","article-title":"Qinghaosu (artemisinin): chemistry and pharmacology","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1006\/bcmd.2002.0492","article-title":"Activity of drugs from traditional chinese medicine toward sensitive and MDR1- or MRP1-overexpressing multidrug-resistant human CCRF-CEM leukemia cells","volume":"28","author":"Efferth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.06.035","article-title":"Synthesis of a series of novel dihydroartemisinin monomers and dimers containing chalcone as a linker and their anticancer activity","volume":"122","author":"Gaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0295","first-page":"4389","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of dihydroartemisinin toward Molt-4 cells attenuated by N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone and deferoxamine","volume":"33","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2013.04.027","article-title":"Artemisinin-derived dimer phosphate esters as potent anti-cytomegalovirus (anti-CMV) and anti-cancer agents: a structure-activity study","volume":"21","author":"Mott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2014.01.043","article-title":"Synthesis and study of cytotoxic activity of 1,2,4-trioxane- and egonol-derived hybrid molecules against Plasmodium falciparum and multidrug-resistant human leukemia cells","volume":"75","author":"Reiter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4842","DOI":"10.1021\/jm100404t","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of artesunic acid homo- and heterodimer molecules toward sensitive and multidrug-resistant CCRF-CEM leukemia cells","volume":"53","author":"Horwedel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2017.04.021","article-title":"Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of new artemisinin hybrid molecules against human leukemia cells","volume":"25","author":"Letis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5582","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3336","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin and its derivative induce apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia through Noxa-mediated pathway requiring iron and endoperoxide moiety","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13066","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201907224","article-title":"Artemisinin\u2013(iso)quinoline hybrids by C\u2212H activation and click chemistry: combating multidrug-resistant malaria","volume":"58","author":"\u00c7apc\u0131","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2009.05.076","article-title":"Synthesis of a series of novel dihydroartemisinin derivatives containing a substituted chalcone with greater cytotoxic effects in leukemia cells","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0896(01)00270-X","article-title":"New chemical and biological aspects of artemisinin-derived trioxane dimers","volume":"10","author":"Posner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7268","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6896","article-title":"Artemisinin-derived dimer ART-838 potently inhibited human acute leukemias, persisted in vivo, and synergized with antileukemic drugs","volume":"7","author":"Fox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.04.053","article-title":"New efficient artemisinin derived agents against human leukemia cells, human cytomegalovirus and Plasmodium falciparum: 2nd generation 1,2,4-trioxane-ferrocene hybrids","volume":"97","author":"Reiter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2012.07.015","article-title":"New artesunic acid homodimers: potent reversal agents of multidrug resistance in leukemia cells","volume":"20","author":"Reiter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1039\/b204748a","article-title":"Hybrid systems through natural product leads: an approach towards new molecular entities","volume":"31","author":"Mehta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2015.07.048","article-title":"Highly potent artemisinin-derived dimers and trimers: synthesis and evaluation of their antimalarial, antileukemia and antiviral activities","volume":"23","author":"Reiter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2008.11.050","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of dihydroartemisinin and dihydroartemisitene acetal dimers showing anticancer and antiprotozoal activity","volume":"17","author":"Galal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0370","unstructured":"J.Q. Mi, Y. Li, R.M. Ni, Y. Zhang, J. Wang, X. Cai, et al., Qinghaosu derivative and its salt, a new type of agent for treatment of acute leukemia, in: Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Ruijin Hospital (Ed.) Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese patent, 2012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9372","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M610375200","article-title":"Evidence for the involvement of carbon-centered radicals in the induction of apoptotic cell death by artemisinin compounds","volume":"282","author":"Mercer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0380","unstructured":"J.Q. Mi, Y. Li, Y. Peng, Y. Zhang, J. Wang, X. Cai, et al., Qinghaosu derivative and its salt, a new type of agent for treatment of acute myelocytie leukemia, in: Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Ruijin Hospital (Ed.) Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese patent, 2012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-016-3038-2","article-title":"Evaluation of artemisinins for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"77","author":"Drenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2017.05.007","article-title":"Antileukemic activity and cellular effects of the antimalarial agent artesunate in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"59","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2017.09.022","article-title":"Artesunate induces apoptosis via inhibition of STAT3 in THP-1 cells","volume":"62","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.09.003","article-title":"Anticancer properties of artemisinin derivatives and their targeted delivery by transferrin conjugation","volume":"354","author":"Nakase","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00394a037","article-title":"Antimalarial activity of new water-soluble dihydroartemisinin derivatives","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-011-0580-6","article-title":"Interruption of the MEK\/ERK signaling cascade promotes dihydroartemisinin-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.7.7.6035","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin induces apoptosis in HL-60 leukemia cells dependent of iron and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation but independent of reactive oxygen species","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(94)03716-V","article-title":"Selective cancer cell cytotoxicity from exposure to dihydroartemisinin and holotransferrin","volume":"91","author":"Lai","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0b013e3282f3f152","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells HL60 via downregulation of transferrin receptor expression","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.011","article-title":"DHA inhibits proliferation and induces ferroptosis of leukemia cells through autophagy dependent degradation of ferritin","volume":"131","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-10-0051","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin induces apoptosis by a Bak-dependent intrinsic pathway","volume":"9","author":"Handrick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0440","first-page":"3178","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin-induced apoptosis in human acute monocytic leukemia cells","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7558","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-1231","article-title":"Modulation of navitoclax sensitivity by dihydroartemisinin-mediated MCL-1 repression in BCR-ABL(+) B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"23","author":"Budhraja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2017-2023","article-title":"Artemisinins enhanced the antileukemic efficacy of BCL2 inhibitors","volume":"77","author":"Moses","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7360","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b01380","article-title":"Artemisinin-derived dimers: potent antimalarial and anticancer agents","volume":"59","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.03.010","article-title":"Synthesis of novel ring-contracted artemisinin dimers with potent anticancer activities","volume":"150","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0465","first-page":"337","article-title":"Effects of artesunate on cytokinesis and G2\/M cell cycle progression of tumour cells and budding yeast","volume":"7","author":"Steinbr\u00dcCk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Genomics Proteom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0470","first-page":"1339","article-title":"DNA damage in dihydroartemisinin-resistant Molt-4 cells","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0475","first-page":"916","article-title":"Transferrin receptor 1 in cancer: a new sight for cancer therapy","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1397-3","article-title":"Iron and leukemia: new insights for future treatments","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPM.IJPM_604_18","article-title":"Role of CD71 in acute leukemia-An immunophenotypic marker for erythroid lineage or proliferation?","volume":"62","author":"Acharya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.9.5.995","article-title":"Targeted treatment of cancer with artemisinin and artemisinin-tagged iron-carrying compounds","volume":"9","author":"Lai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5120","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.273","article-title":"Drug resistance in mutant FLT3-positive AML","volume":"29","author":"Weisberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/1087057113501081","article-title":"A screening-based approach to circumvent tumor microenvironment-driven intrinsic resistance to BCR-ABL+ inhibitors in Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Screen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)80066-N","article-title":"Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis","volume":"75","author":"Hockenbery","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1936213100","article-title":"Control of bcl-2 expression by reactive oxygen species","volume":"100","author":"Hildeman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64180","article-title":"Lysosomal disruption preferentially targets acute myeloid leukemia cells and progenitors","volume":"123","author":"Sukhai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-019-0352-3","article-title":"Artemisinin compounds sensitize cancer cells to ferroptosis by regulating iron homeostasis","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-018-3533-8","article-title":"A phase I study of intravenous artesunate in patients with advanced solid tumor malignancies","volume":"81","author":"Deeken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-017-4261-1","article-title":"Prospective open uncontrolled phase I study to define a well-tolerated dose of oral artesunate as add-on therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer (ARTIC M33\/2)","volume":"164","author":"von Hagens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3736\/jcim20080206","article-title":"Artesunate combined with vinorelbine plus cisplatin in treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao (in Chinese)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0540","first-page":"4417","article-title":"First study of oral artenimol-R in advanced cervical cancer: clinical benefit, tolerability and tumor markers","volume":"31","author":"Jansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2014.11.010","article-title":"A randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of oral artesunate therapy for colorectal cancer","volume":"2","author":"Krishna","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-014-1754-2","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin during long-term oral administration of artesunate to patients with metastatic breast cancer","volume":"70","author":"Ericsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15053135","article-title":"Flavonoids from Artemisia annua L. as antioxidants and their potential synergism with artemisinin against malaria and cancer","volume":"15","author":"Ferreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.03.019","article-title":"Cancer combination therapies with artemisinin-type drugs","volume":"139","author":"Efferth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Seminars in Cancer Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1044579X20301127?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1044579X20301127?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T23:48:09Z","timestamp":1760917689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1044579X20301127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":112,"alternative-id":["S1044579X20301127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1044-579X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1044-579X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Repurposing of artemisinin-type drugs for the treatment of acute leukemia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Cancer Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}