{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T23:03:03Z","timestamp":1776553383949,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","seminarsinnephrology.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T17:14:08Z","timestamp":1614964448000},"page":"600-613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Management of Gout in Renal Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Estiverne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Mount","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2013.04.003","article-title":"A revised estimate of the burden of illness of gout","volume":"75","author":"Wertheimer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr530","article-title":"Serum uric acid and chronic kidney disease: the Severance cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Mok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40807","article-title":"Contemporary prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the United States and decadal trends: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2016","volume":"71","author":"Chen-Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-016-0684-z","article-title":"Hypertension, and chronic kidney disease: an emerging association","volume":"18","author":"Mallat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008010080","article-title":"Elevated uric acid increases the risk for kidney disease","volume":"19","author":"Obermayr","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.06.040","article-title":"Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in individuals with hyperuricemia","volume":"120","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.09.033","article-title":"Comorbidities of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: NHANES 2007-2008","volume":"125","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09420911","article-title":"Association of hyperuricemia with renal outcomes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.12.021","article-title":"Uric acid and long-term outcomes in CKD","volume":"53","author":"Madero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1746-1","article-title":"Risk of chronic kidney disease in patients with gout and the impact of urate lowering therapy: a population-based cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Roughley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2012.09.028","article-title":"Severe colchicine intoxication in a renal transplant recipient on cyclosporine","volume":"44","author":"Garrouste","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08280816","article-title":"Risk of febuxostat-associated myopathy in patients with CKD","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34488","article-title":"Starting dose is a risk factor for allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a proposed safe starting dose of allopurinol","volume":"64","author":"Stamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0441-1","article-title":"Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence, treatment patterns and risk factors","volume":"16","author":"Dehlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det085","article-title":"Serum uric acid in relation to endogenous reproductive hormones during the menstrual cycle: findings from the BioCycle study","volume":"28","author":"Mumford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15900","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34233-w","article-title":"Surveillance of CKD epidemiology in the US - a joint analysis of NHANES and KEEP","volume":"8","author":"Myers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0017","first-page":"341","article-title":"Gout: epidemiology and lifestyle choices","volume":"17","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2012.00674.x","article-title":"Hypertension and the risk of incident gout in a population-based study: the atherosclerosis risk in communities cohort","volume":"14","author":"McAdams-DeMarco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50046","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050046","article-title":"Reduced glomerular function and prevalence of GOUT: NHANES 2009-2010","volume":"7","author":"Krishan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06790616","article-title":"The 3-year incidence of gout in elderly patients with CKD","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.131240","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of and relationship between metabolic components and renal function among patients with early-onset juvenile tophaceous gout","volume":"41","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-363","article-title":"Reduced creatinine clearance is associated with early development of subcutaneous tophi in people with gout","volume":"14","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez017","article-title":"Characterization of patients with chronic refractory gout who do and do not have clinically apparent tophi and their response to pegloticase","author":"Lawrence Edwards","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/15.5.644","article-title":"Reduced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines of monosodium urate crystal-stimulated monocytes in chronic renal failure: an explanation for infrequent gout episodes in chronic renal failure patients?","volume":"15","author":"Schreiner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12735","article-title":"The physiology of uric acid and the impact of end-stage kidney disease and dialysis","volume":"32","author":"Murea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007111256","article-title":"Association of incident gout and mortality in dialysis patients","volume":"19","author":"Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt299","article-title":"Racial differences in gout incidence in a population-based cohort: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study","volume":"179","author":"Maynard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12589","article-title":"Hemodialysis disparities in African Americans: the deeply integrated concept of race in the social fabric of our society","volume":"30","author":"Norris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.02.354","article-title":"CKD and ESRD in US Hispanics","volume":"73","author":"Desai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0030","article-title":"The incidence, prevalence, and burden of gout in the Veterans Health Administration","author":"Helget","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k3951","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3951","article-title":"Evaluation of the diet wide contribution to serum urate levels: meta-analysis of population based cohorts","volume":"363","author":"Major","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23562","article-title":"Gout Severity, socioeconomic status, and work absence: a cross-sectional study in primary care","volume":"70","author":"Bowen-Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2500","article-title":"Genome-wide association analyses identify 18 new loci associated with serum urate concentrations","volume":"45","author":"Kottgen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.21.2348","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and trends in disparities in 4 major risk factors for cardiovascular disease among US adults, 1971-2002","volume":"166","author":"Kanjilal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-209815","article-title":"Associations between socioeconomic status and chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2019.08.037","article-title":"Prevalence of gout in the surviving United States solid organ transplantation population","volume":"51","author":"Brigham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000188722.84775.af","article-title":"New-onset gout after kidney transplantation: incidence, risk factors and implications","volume":"80","author":"Abbott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200111270-00024","article-title":"Tacrolimus for the treatment of gout in renal transplantation: two case reports and review of the literature","volume":"72","author":"Pilmore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31818b22ed","article-title":"Gout in renal allograft recipients according to the pretransplant hyperuricemic status","volume":"86","author":"Hernandez-Molina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021113-170343","article-title":"The molecular physiology of uric acid homeostasis","volume":"77","author":"Mandal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000427","article-title":"The systems biology of uric acid transporters: the role of remote sensing and signaling","volume":"27","author":"Nigam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfw010","article-title":"Analysis of ABCG2 and other urate transporters in uric acid homeostasis in chronic kidney disease: potential role of remote sensing and signaling","volume":"9","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0189-8","article-title":"Teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and mild or moderate renal impairment","volume":"18","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13740","article-title":"Primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with a higher level of serum uric acid: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Ponvilawan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R56","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3769","article-title":"The independent association between parathyroid hormone levels and hyperuricemia: a national population study","volume":"14","author":"Hui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.09.041","article-title":"Down-regulation of ABCG2, a urate exporter, by parathyroid hormone enhances urate accumulation in secondary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"91","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90441-4","article-title":"Asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Risks and consequences in the Normative Aging Study","volume":"82","author":"Campion","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(21)00971-6","article-title":"Clinical aspects of monosodium urate monohydrate crystal deposition disease (gout)","volume":"14","author":"Becker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R4","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3223","article-title":"Joint and tendon subclinical involvement suggestive of gouty arthritis in asymptomatic hyperuricemia: an ultrasound controlled study","volume":"13","author":"Pineda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2017-000593","article-title":"Identification of monosodium urate crystal deposits in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia using dual-energy CT","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2015-000075","article-title":"Tophus resolution with pegloticase: a prospective dual-energy CT study","volume":"1","author":"Araujo","year":"2015","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg103","article-title":"Fenofibrate enhances urate reduction in men treated with allopurinol for hyperuricaemia and gout","volume":"42","author":"Feher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2008.245","article-title":"Uricosuric action of losartan via the inhibition of urate transporter 1 (URAT 1) in hypertensive patients","volume":"21","author":"Hamada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)36490-0","article-title":"Effects of uricosuric and antiuricosuric agents on urate transport in human brush-border membrane vesicles","volume":"280","author":"Roch-Ramel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2004.08.021","article-title":"Uromodulin storage diseases: clinical aspects and mechanisms","volume":"44","author":"Scolari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2009.07.010","article-title":"Dominant renin gene mutations associated with early-onset hyperuricemia, anemia, and chronic kidney failure","volume":"85","author":"Zivna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2012.06.002","article-title":"Genetic disorders resulting in hyper- or hypouricemia","volume":"19","author":"Sebesta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1161\/hy1101.092839","article-title":"Elevated uric acid increases blood pressure in the rat by a novel crystal-independent mechanism","volume":"38","author":"Mazzali","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F991","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00283.2001","article-title":"Hyperuricemia induces a primary renal arteriolopathy in rats by a blood pressure-independent mechanism","volume":"282","author":"Mazzali","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1159\/000481668","article-title":"High uric acid-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal tubular epithelial cells via the TLR4\/NF-kB signaling pathway","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020040523","article-title":"Only hyperuricemia with crystalluria, but not asymptomatic hyperuricemia, drives progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"31","author":"Sellmayr","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.05.013","article-title":"Relationship of uric acid with progression of kidney disease","volume":"50","author":"Chonchol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-122","article-title":"Is hyperuricemia an independent risk factor for new-onset chronic kidney disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis based on observational cohort studies","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000017502.58595.ED","article-title":"Effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition with allopurinol on endothelial function and peripheral blood flow in hyperuricemic patients with chronic heart failure: results from 2 placebo-controlled studies","volume":"105","author":"Doehner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01580210","article-title":"Effect of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk","volume":"5","author":"Goicoechea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.11.016","article-title":"Allopurinol and progression of CKD and cardiovascular events: long-term follow-up of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"65","author":"Goicoechea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187550","article-title":"Effects of uric acid-lowering therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016050521","article-title":"Vascular function and uric acid-lowering in stage 3 CKD","volume":"28","author":"Jalal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2019.11.007","article-title":"Uric acid lowering and biomarkers of kidney damage in CKD stage 3: a post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"Perrenoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.05.017","article-title":"Efficacy of febuxostat for slowing the GFR decline in patients with CKD and asymptomatic hyperuricemia: a 6-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Sircar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.06.028","article-title":"Febuxostat therapy for patients with stage 3 CKD and asymptomatic hyperuricemia: a randomized trial","volume":"72","author":"Kimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-018-1652-5","article-title":"The urate-lowering efficacy and safety of febuxostat versus allopurinol in Chinese patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia and with chronic kidney disease stages 3-5","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13820","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13820","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of febuxostat for treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia among kidney transplant patients: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"34","author":"Chewcharat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915833","article-title":"Effects of allopurinol on the progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"382","author":"Badve","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1916624","article-title":"Serum urate lowering with allopurinol and kidney function in type 1 diabetes","volume":"382","author":"Doria","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.08.024","article-title":"A cross sectional study of 502 patients found a diffuse hyperechoic kidney medulla pattern in patients with severe gout","volume":"99","author":"Bardin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00346-9","volume":"388","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24180","article-title":"2020 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the management of gout","volume":"72","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40233","article-title":"Effects of febuxostat in early gout: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"69","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23007","article-title":"Lowering serum uric acid levels: what is the optimal target for improving clinical outcomes in gout?","volume":"57","author":"Perez-Ruiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.126","article-title":"Discordant American College of Physicians and international rheumatology guidelines for gout management: consensus statement of the Gout, Hyperuricemia and Crystal-Associated Disease Network (G-CAN)","volume":"13","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-0570","article-title":"Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Management of acute and recurrent gout: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians","volume":"166","author":"Qaseem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32158-5","article-title":"Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of nurse-led care involving education and engagement of patients and a treat-to-target urate-lowering strategy versus usual care for gout: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"392","author":"Doherty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1169","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials","volume":"306","author":"Sundy","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2019-001015","article-title":"Failure to reach uric acid target of <0.36 mmol\/L in hyperuricaemia of gout is associated with elevated total and cardiovascular mortality","volume":"5","author":"Perez Ruiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200746080-00001","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of allopurinol and oxypurinol","volume":"46","author":"Day","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90743-5","article-title":"Severe allopurinol toxicity. Description and guidelines for prevention in patients with renal insufficiency","volume":"76","author":"Hande","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21772","article-title":"2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia","volume":"64","author":"Khanna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-013-0084-0","article-title":"Allopurinol hypersensitivity: a systematic review of all published cases, 1950-2012","volume":"36","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4134","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409500102","article-title":"HLA-B*5801 allele as a genetic marker for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol","volume":"102","author":"Hung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302306","article-title":"Oxypurinol directly and immediately activates the drug-specific T cells via the preferential use of HLA-B*58:01","volume":"192","author":"Yun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205577","article-title":"Insights into the poor prognosis of allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions: the impact of renal insufficiency, high plasma levels of oxypurinol and granulysin","volume":"74","author":"Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0093","first-page":"1646","article-title":"Dose adjustment of allopurinol according to creatinine clearance does not provide adequate control of hyperuricemia in patients with gout","volume":"33","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1491-x","article-title":"The effect of kidney function on the urate lowering effect and safety of increasing allopurinol above doses based on creatinine clearance: a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Stamp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-016-0466-4","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat","volume":"56","author":"Kamel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1593-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of febuxostat extended release and immediate release in patients with gout and moderate renal impairment: phase II placebo-controlled study","volume":"20","author":"Gunawardhana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2015.07.011","article-title":"Risk of cutaneous adverse events with febuxostat treatment in patients with skin reaction to allopurinol. A retrospective, hospital-based study of 101 patients with consecutive allopurinol and febuxostat treatment","volume":"83","author":"Bardin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050373","article-title":"Febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia and gout","volume":"353","author":"Becker","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken457","article-title":"Febuxostat in the treatment of gout: 5-yr findings of the FOCUS efficacy and safety study","volume":"48","author":"Schumacher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24209","article-title":"Effects of febuxostat versus allopurinol and placebo in reducing serum urate in subjects with hyperuricemia and gout: a 28-week, phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial","volume":"59","author":"Schumacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710895","article-title":"Cardiovascular safety of febuxostat or allopurinol in patients with gout","volume":"378","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32234-0","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular safety of febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with gout (FAST): a multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial","volume":"396","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.01.043","article-title":"Pharmacological urate-lowering approaches in chronic kidney disease","volume":"166","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39840","article-title":"Lesinurad combined with allopurinol: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in gout patients with an inadequate response to standard-of-care allopurinol (a US-based study)","volume":"69","author":"Saag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209213","article-title":"Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with gout with inadequate response to standard of care (the multinational CLEAR 2 study)","volume":"76","author":"Bardin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex350","article-title":"Lesinurad monotherapy in gout patients intolerant to a xanthine oxidase inhibitor: a 6 month phase 3 clinical trial and extension study","volume":"56","author":"Tausche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh094","article-title":"Exercise-induced acute renal failure associated with renal hypouricaemia: results of a questionnaire-based survey in Japan","volume":"19","author":"Ohta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00706-7","article-title":"Discovery and characterization of verinurad, a potent and specific inhibitor of URAT1 for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout","volume":"7","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S140658","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of verinurad, a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor, in healthy adult male subjects","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2018.1538003","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of verinurad, a selective URAT1 inhibitor, for the treatment of patients with gout and\/or asymptomatic hyperuricemia in the United States and Japan: findings from two phase II trials","volume":"29","author":"Fitz-Patrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009040406","article-title":"Homozygous SLC2A9 mutations cause severe renal hypouricemia","volume":"21","author":"Dinour","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00291","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.291","article-title":"Uricosuric targets of tranilast","volume":"5","author":"Mandal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken066","article-title":"Haemoglobin A1c, fasting glucose, serum C-peptide and insulin resistance in relation to serum uric acid levels\u2013the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"47","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12439","article-title":"Effect of canagliflozin on serum uric acid in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Davies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-2610","article-title":"Assessing the risk for gout with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study","volume":"172","author":"Fralick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"383","author":"Heerspink","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.09.007","article-title":"Pegloticase failure and a possible solution: immunosuppression to prevent intolerance and inefficacy in patients with gout","volume":"46","author":"Berhanu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-019-0151-9","article-title":"Use of pre-infusion serum uric acid levels as a biomarker for infusion reaction risk in patients on pegloticase","volume":"6","author":"Keenan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.190161","article-title":"Dissociation between clinical benefit and persistent urate lowering in patients with chronic refractory gout treated with pegloticase","volume":"47","author":"Pillinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-54","article-title":"Effect of pegloticase on renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease: a post hoc subgroup analysis of 2 randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"Yood","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21773","article-title":"2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis","volume":"64","author":"Khanna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27327","article-title":"High versus low dosing of oral colchicine for early acute gout flare: twenty-four-hour outcome of the first multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-comparison colchicine study","volume":"62","author":"Terkeltaub","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04516","article-title":"Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome","volume":"440","author":"Martinon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2010.03.001","article-title":"Anakinra's efficacy is variable in refractory gout: report of ten cases","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2018.03.015","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of anakinra in gout patients with stage 4-5 chronic kidney disease or kidney transplantation: a multicentre, retrospective study","volume":"85","author":"Loustau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27600","article-title":"Canakinumab for the treatment of acute flares in difficult-to-treat gouty arthritis: results of a multicenter, phase II, dose-ranging study","volume":"62","author":"So","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200908","article-title":"Canakinumab for acute gouty arthritis in patients with limited treatment options: results from two randomised, multicentre, active-controlled, double-blind trials and their initial extensions","volume":"71","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2012.03.010","article-title":"Treatment of chronic gouty arthritis: it is not just about urate-lowering therapy","volume":"42","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000319","article-title":"Soluble uric acid is an intrinsic negative regulator of monocyte activation in monosodium urate crystal-induced tissue inflammation","volume":"205","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-014-0238-6","article-title":"Single-dose, open-label study of the differences in pharmacokinetics of colchicine in subjects with renal impairment, including end-stage renal disease","volume":"34","author":"Wason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211574","article-title":"Stepwise dose increase of febuxostat is comparable with colchicine prophylaxis for the prevention of gout flares during the initial phase of urate-lowering therapy: results from FORTUNE-1, a prospective, multicentre randomised study","volume":"77","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2019.04.050","article-title":"Gout severity in recipients of kidney transplant","volume":"51","author":"Brigham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29948-9","article-title":"Association between post-transplant uric acid level and renal allograft fibrosis: analysis using Banff pathologic scores from renal biopsies","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0134","first-page":"2246","article-title":"The effect of 6-mercaptopurine and allopurinol on granulopoiesis","volume":"34","author":"Ragab","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199710150-00027","article-title":"Safety of the mycophenolate mofetil-allopurinol combination in kidney transplant recipients with gout","volume":"64","author":"Jacobs","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200565180-00004","article-title":"Gout in solid organ transplantation: a challenging clinical problem","volume":"65","author":"Stamp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2019.03.049","article-title":"Outcomes of canakinumab treatment in recipients of kidney transplant with familial mediterranean fever: a case series","volume":"51","author":"Sendogan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007_bib0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30119","article-title":"Using allopurinol above the dose based on creatinine clearance is effective and safe in patients with chronic gout, including those with renal impairment","volume":"63","author":"Stamp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0270929520301455?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0270929520301455?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T23:37:40Z","timestamp":1759448260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0270929520301455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0270929520301455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9295","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Management of Gout in Renal Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Nephrology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}