{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T15:17:49Z","timestamp":1767971869694,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK125811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK125811"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DK066143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK066143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","seminarsinnephrology.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T16:10:08Z","timestamp":1623687008000},"page":"144-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Role of Growth Hormone in Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Eduardo A.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caitlin E.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82925-7","article-title":"Linear growth and anthropometric and nutritional measurements in children with mild to moderate renal insufficiency: a report of the Growth Failure in Children with Renal Diseases Study","volume":"116","author":"Abitbol","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000070","article-title":"Growth in children with chronic kidney disease: role of nutrition, growth hormone, dialysis, and steroids","volume":"26","author":"Ingulli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670000465","article-title":"Nutrition and growth in relation to severity of renal disease in children","volume":"15","author":"Norman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2011.137","article-title":"Nutrition and growth in children with chronic kidney disease","volume":"7","author":"Rees","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0005","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Double blind trial comparing the effects of two doses of growth hormone in prepubertal patients with chronic renal insufficiency","volume":"79","author":"Hokken-Koelega","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92465-1","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment in growth-retarded adolescents after renal transplant","volume":"343","author":"Hokken-Koelega","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199409000-00009","article-title":"Final height and its predictive factors after renal transplantation in childhood","volume":"36","author":"Hokken-Koelega","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2005.07.007","article-title":"Growth and nutrition in children with chronic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Furth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07100810","article-title":"Metabolic abnormalities, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and GFR decline in children with chronic kidney disease","volume":"6","author":"Furth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-002-0838-x","article-title":"Growth failure, risk of hospitalization and death for children with end-stage renal disease","volume":"17","author":"Furth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2000.17674","article-title":"Anthropometric measures and risk of death in children with end-stage renal disease","volume":"36","author":"Wong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0298-9","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in children with chronic renal failure","volume":"22","author":"Bakr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.909","article-title":"Adverse clinical outcomes associated with short stature at dialysis initiation: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study","volume":"109","author":"Furth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0020-y","article-title":"Assessment and treatment of short stature in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: a consensus statement","volume":"21","author":"Mahan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-014-2785-8","article-title":"Evaluation of quality of life by young adult survivors of severe chronic kidney disease in infancy","volume":"29","author":"Mekahli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2009.03.017","article-title":"Current advances in chronic kidney disease in children: growth, cardiovascular, and neurocognitive risk factors","volume":"29","author":"Greenbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-019-04382-9","article-title":"Catch-up growth in children with chronic kidney disease started on enteral feeding after 2 years of age","volume":"35","author":"Marlais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.78.3.222","article-title":"Growth in renal failure: a longitudinal study of emotional and behavioural changes during trials of growth hormone treatment","volume":"78","author":"Postlethwaite","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2258-x","article-title":"Nutritional management and growth in children with chronic kidney disease","volume":"28","author":"Rees","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0279-z","article-title":"Nutrition in children with CRF and on dialysis","volume":"22","author":"Rees","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2502-z","article-title":"Growth and maturation improvement in children on renal replacement therapy over the past 20 years","volume":"28","author":"Franke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00890113","article-title":"Adult height in patients with advanced CKD requiring renal replacement therapy during childhood","volume":"9","author":"Harambat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfw047","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in children","volume":"9","author":"Becherucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0040-7","article-title":"Stature in children with chronic kidney disease: analysis of NAPRTCS database","volume":"21","author":"Seikaly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-007-0497-z","article-title":"Use of rhGH in children with chronic kidney disease: lessons from NAPRTCS","volume":"22","author":"Seikaly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodig NM, McDermott KC, Schneider MF, et al. Growth in children with chronic kidney disease: a report from the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2014;29:1987-95.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-014-2812-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-0868-0","article-title":"Clinical outcome of children with chronic kidney disease in a pre-dialysis interdisciplinary program","volume":"23","author":"Soares","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2007.00704.x","article-title":"Contributions of the Transplant Registry: the 2006 Annual Report of the North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies (NAPRTCS)","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00205","article-title":"Growth and nutrition in pediatric chronic kidney disease","volume":"6","author":"Silverstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0345-6","article-title":"Growth impairment shows an age-dependent pattern in boys with chronic kidney disease","volume":"22","author":"Zivicnjak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050462","article-title":"Chronic renal insufficiency in children and adolescents: the 1996 annual report of NAPRTCS. North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study","volume":"12","author":"Fivush","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050717","article-title":"Conservative treatment for chronic renal failure from birth: a 3-year follow-up study","volume":"13","author":"Van Dyck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670000539","article-title":"Early prognostic factors of infants with chronic renal failure caused by renal dysplasia","volume":"16","author":"Ismaili","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00866762","article-title":"Growth charts for prepubertal children with chronic renal failure due to congenital renal disorders. European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood","volume":"10","author":"Schaefer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3046.2003.00068.x","article-title":"Growth impairment at renal transplantation\u2013a determinant of growth and final height","volume":"7","author":"Englund","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2604-7","article-title":"Birth parameters and parental height predict growth outcome in children with chronic kidney disease","volume":"28","author":"Franke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08481109","article-title":"The association between abnormal birth history and growth in children with CKD","volume":"6","author":"Greenbaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.01.008","article-title":"Predictors of rapid progression of glomerular and nonglomerular kidney disease in children and adolescents: the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) cohort","volume":"65","author":"Warady","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-018-4165-2","article-title":"Short stature in advanced pediatric CKD is associated with faster time to reduced kidney function after transplant","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0040","first-page":"469","article-title":"Height as a basis for interpersonal attraction","volume":"29","author":"Hensley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.89.3.428","article-title":"The effect of physical height on workplace success and income: preliminary test of a theoretical model","volume":"89","author":"Judge","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0042","first-page":"681","article-title":"Obesity and stature in adolescence and earnings in young adulthood","volume":"148","author":"Sargent","year":"1994","journal-title":"Analysis of a British birth cohort. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0043","first-page":"1134","article-title":"Quality of life among formerly treated childhood-onset growth hormone-deficient adults: a comparison with unaffected siblings","volume":"83","author":"Sandberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70271-9","article-title":"Behavior change after growth hormone treatment of children with short stature","volume":"133","author":"Stabler","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199508000-00009","article-title":"Psychological adjustment of children evaluated for short stature: a preliminary report","volume":"16","author":"Zimet","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.03.016","article-title":"The impact of short stature on health-related quality of life in children with chronic kidney disease","volume":"163","author":"Al-Uzri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-010-1683-y","article-title":"Behavioral disorders and low quality of life in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease","volume":"26","author":"Marciano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-28002010000300014","article-title":"Mental disorders and quality of life in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"32","author":"Marciano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bras Nefrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000120947.75697.8B","article-title":"Long-term social outcome of children after kidney transplantation","volume":"77","author":"Broyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0050","unstructured":"Foster BJ. Growth and development of the child with renal disease. In: Avner ED, Harmon WE, Niaudet P, Yoshikawa N, Emma F, Goldstein SL, editors. Pediatric nephrology, Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2016:6637-65."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1989.tb11199.x","article-title":"A biologically-oriented mathematical model (ICP) for human growth","volume":"350","author":"Karlberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1989.tb11237.x","article-title":"On the construction of the infancy-childhood-puberty growth standard","volume":"356","author":"Karlberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1987.tb10503.x","article-title":"Analysis of linear growth using a mathematical model. I. From birth to three years","volume":"76","author":"Karlberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00866761","article-title":"Early age-dependent growth impairment in chronic renal failure. European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood","volume":"10","author":"Karlberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198209000-00016","article-title":"The effects of chronic renal failure in infancy on growth, nutritional status and body composition","volume":"16","author":"Jones","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00194.x","article-title":"Chronic renal disease: a growing problem","volume":"64","author":"Kaskel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-2235(96)00003-8","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and IGF binding proteins in children with chronic renal failure","volume":"6","author":"Tonshoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog Growth Factor Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0058","first-page":"2684","volume":"80","author":"Tonshoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0059","first-page":"133","article-title":"Growth retardation in children with chronic renal insufficiency: current aspects of pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Tonshoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0060","first-page":"82","article-title":"Growth in children with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease in the","volume":"4","author":"Hartung","year":"2016","journal-title":"CKiD Cohort Study. Front Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-019-04426-0","article-title":"Energy and protein requirements for children with CKD stages 2-5 and on dialysis-clinical practice recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce","volume":"35","author":"Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1261297","article-title":"The growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor axis: its manipulation for the benefit of growth disorders in renal failure","volume":"12","author":"Roelfsema","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0161-4","article-title":"Clinical practice recommendations for growth hormone treatment in children with chronic kidney disease","volume":"15","author":"Drube","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.10.1680","article-title":"Growth retardation in children with chronic renal failure","volume":"14","author":"Kuizon","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-014-2768-9","article-title":"Protein energy wasting in children with chronic kidney disease","volume":"29","author":"Abraham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0066","series-title":"Pediatric nephrology","first-page":"2295","article-title":"Endocrine and growth abnormalities in chronic kidney disease","author":"Schaefer","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-015-3179-2","article-title":"Growth hormone therapy in children with CKD after more than two decades of practice","volume":"31","author":"Rees","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"Suppl A","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2006.04.005","article-title":"Applying the Growth Failure in CKD Consensus Conference: evaluation and treatment algorithm in children with chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Mahan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2007.07.009","article-title":"The growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I axis in chronic kidney disease","volume":"18","author":"Mak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-003-1160-y","article-title":"Neuroendocrine adaptations in renal disease","volume":"18","author":"Feneberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0071","first-page":"22","article-title":"Multifactorial control of the elimination kinetics of unbound (free) growth hormone (GH) in the human: regulation by age, adiposity, renal function, and steady state concentrations of GH in plasma","volume":"81","author":"Schaefer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199501000-00017","article-title":"Deconvolution analysis of spontaneous nocturnal growth hormone secretion in prepubertal children with preterminal chronic renal failure and with end-stage renal disease","volume":"37","author":"Tonshoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0073","first-page":"1298","article-title":"Alterations in growth hormone secretion and clearance in peripubertal boys with chronic renal failure and after renal transplantation. Cooperative Study Group of Pubertal development in Chronic Renal Failure","volume":"78","author":"Schaefer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1994.145","article-title":"Reduced hepatic growth hormone (GH) receptor gene expression and increased plasma GH binding protein in experimental uremia","volume":"45","author":"Tonshoff","year":"1994","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1993.112","article-title":"Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 in uremic rats: growth hormone resistance and nutritional intake","volume":"43","author":"Chan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1054\/ghir.1998.0088","article-title":"Hepatic expression of growth hormone receptor\/binding protein and insulin-like growth factor I genes in uremic rats. Influence of nutritional deficit","volume":"9","author":"Martinez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(94)90185-6","article-title":"Reduced food intake is the main cause of low growth hormone receptor expression in uremic rats","volume":"106","author":"Villares","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000139492.36400.6C","article-title":"Chronic uremia attenuates growth hormone-induced signal transduction in skeletal muscle","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.196","article-title":"Epiphyseal growth plate growth hormone receptor signaling is decreased in chronic kidney disease-related growth retardation","volume":"84","author":"Troib","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00150.x","article-title":"Cardiac resistance to growth hormone in uremia","volume":"67","author":"Zheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-004-1713-8","article-title":"Growth hormone resistance in uremia, a role for impaired JAK\/STAT signaling","volume":"20","author":"Rabkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-018-4160-7","article-title":"Growth plate alterations in chronic kidney disease","volume":"35","author":"Fernandez-Iglesias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/970946","article-title":"Growth retardation in children with kidney disease","volume":"2013","author":"Salas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI11895","article-title":"Impaired JAK-STAT signal transduction contributes to growth hormone resistance in chronic uremia","volume":"108","author":"Schaefer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1271549","article-title":"The microinflammatory state in uremia: causes and potential consequences","volume":"12","author":"Kaysen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01453698","article-title":"Plasma growth hormone-binding activity is low in uraemic children","volume":"5","author":"Postel-Vinay","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.4.3893","volume":"82","author":"Tonshoff","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2006.01.007","article-title":"Circulating growth hormone binding protein levels and mononuclear cell growth hormone receptor expression in uremia","volume":"16","author":"Greenstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00798.x","article-title":"Serum-free insulin-like growth factor I correlates with clearance in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"56","author":"Frystyk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E363","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00363.2005","article-title":"Differential expression of IGF system components in proliferating vs. differentiating growth plate chondrocytes: the functional role of IGFBP-5","volume":"290","author":"Kiepe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0324","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I stimulates cell proliferation and induces IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and IGFBP-5 gene expression in cultured growth plate chondrocytes via distinct signaling pathways","volume":"146","author":"Kiepe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-1821-0","article-title":"Growth hormone\/insulin-like growth factor system in children with chronic renal failure","volume":"20","author":"Tonshoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118499","article-title":"Impaired actions of insulin-like growth factor 1 on protein Synthesis and degradation in skeletal muscle of rats with chronic renal failure. Evidence for a postreceptor defect","volume":"97","author":"Ding","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1261218","article-title":"Experimental uremia affects hypothalamic amino acid neurotransmitter milieu","volume":"12","author":"Schaefer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3182247bd5","article-title":"Pubertal development is normal in adolescents after renal transplantation in childhood","volume":"92","author":"Tainio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0096","first-page":"72","article-title":"Growth failure in children with renal tubular acidosis","volume":"9","author":"Donckerwolcke","year":"1989","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00158.x","article-title":"Alterations of protein metabolism by metabolic acidosis in children with chronic renal failure","volume":"58","author":"Boirie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1993.372","article-title":"Effect of metabolic acidosis on the expression of insulin-like growth factor and growth hormone receptor","volume":"44","author":"Challa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0099","first-page":"E547","article-title":"Metabolic acidosis inhibits growth hormone secretion in rats: mechanism of growth retardation","volume":"265","author":"Challa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.193","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression in the tibial epiphyseal growth plate of growth hormone-treated uremic rats","volume":"47","author":"Hanna","year":"1995","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1058","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.0355.2000","article-title":"Metabolic, but not respiratory, acidosis increases bone PGE(2) levels and calcium release","volume":"281","author":"Bushinsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/13.3.674","article-title":"Evidence for an independent role of metabolic acidosis on nutritional status in haemodialysis patients","volume":"13","author":"Movilli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-1983-x","article-title":"Nutrition in infants and very young children with chronic kidney disease","volume":"27","author":"Foster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0104","first-page":"S11","article-title":"KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in Children with CKD: 2008 update. Executive summary","volume":"53","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010020192","article-title":"Growth in very young children undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis","volume":"22","author":"Rees","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607195019003175","article-title":"Catch-up growth in children with chronic renal failure treated with long-term enteral nutrition","volume":"19","author":"Claris-Appiani","year":"1995","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00013.x","article-title":"Outcome and growth of infants with severe chronic renal failure","volume":"57","author":"Kari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(00)90044-1","article-title":"Long-term outcome of peritoneal dialysis in infants","volume":"136","author":"Ledermann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050718","article-title":"Long-term enteral nutrition in infants and young children with chronic renal failure","volume":"13","author":"Ledermann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05600809","article-title":"Long-term outcome of infants with severe chronic kidney disease","volume":"5","author":"Mekahli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V12112418","article-title":"Improved growth in young children with severe chronic renal insufficiency who use specified nutritional therapy","volume":"12","author":"Parekh","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200009283431304","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone treatment on the adult height of children with chronic renal failure. German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure","volume":"343","author":"Haffner","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81603-8","article-title":"Growth-stimulating effects of recombinant human growth hormone in children with end-stage renal disease","volume":"116","author":"Tonshoff","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0114","article-title":"Growth hormone for children with chronic renal failure","author":"Vimalachandra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.117582","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment in children with chronic renal failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"139","author":"Vimalachandra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(94)70358-2","article-title":"Growth after recombinant human growth hormone treatment in children with chronic renal failure: report of a multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Genentech Cooperative Study Group","volume":"124","author":"Fine","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0117","article-title":"Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease","author":"Hodson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2302","article-title":"Pfizer International Growth Database (KIGS) International Board. Factors predicting the near-final height in growth hormone-treated children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease","volume":"93","author":"Nissel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050765","article-title":"Growth over 10 years following a 1-year trial of growth hormone therapy","volume":"14","author":"Rees","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00845.x","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment in short children with chronic kidney disease","volume":"97","author":"Mehls","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050459","article-title":"Recombinant human growth hormone treatment of children on hemodialysis. French Society of Pediatric Nephrology","volume":"12","author":"Berard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1993.231","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment in short children with renal allografts: three year experience. Members of the German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Children with Renal Allografts","volume":"44","author":"Tonshoff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00278","article-title":"Determinants of statural growth in European children with chronic kidney disease: Findings From the Cardiovascular Comorbidity in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease (4 C) study","volume":"7","author":"Behnisch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-1893-x","article-title":"Short stature and growth hormone use in pediatric hemodialysis patients","volume":"20","author":"Gorman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-0857-3","article-title":"Obstacles to the prescribing of growth hormone in children with chronic kidney disease","volume":"23","author":"Greenbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0599-1","article-title":"Approach to growth hormone therapy in children with chronic kidney disease varies across North America: the Midwest Pediatric Nephrology Consortium report","volume":"18","author":"Akchurin","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.1994.7.1.1","article-title":"Five years experience with recombinant human growth hormone treatment of children with chronic renal failure","volume":"7","author":"Fine","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-1765-5","article-title":"Cachexia and protein-energy wasting in children with chronic kidney disease","volume":"27","author":"Mak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-017-3684-6","article-title":"Muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease","volume":"33","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-018-3891-9","article-title":"Unacylated ghrelin and obestatin in pediatric CKD: are they important in protein energy wasting?","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11666.x","article-title":"Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I in chronic renal failure\u2013pathophysiology and rationale for growth hormone treatment","volume":"370","author":"Mehls","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv122","article-title":"Muscle wasting in end-stage renal disease promulgates premature death: established, emerging and potential novel treatment strategies","volume":"31","author":"Stenvinkel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010060603","article-title":"Association of chronic kidney disease with muscle deficits in children","volume":"22","author":"Foster","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0134","series-title":"Insulin-like growth factors","first-page":"235","article-title":"IGF action and skeletal muscle","author":"Kuninger","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12832","article-title":"Cachexia\/protein energy wasting syndrome in CKD: causation and treatment","volume":"32","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12421","article-title":"Kidney cachexia or protein-energy wasting in chronic kidney disease: facts and numbers","volume":"10","author":"Koppe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.323","article-title":"Nutrition in end-stage renal disease","volume":"50","author":"Ikizler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5165","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.11.7987","article-title":"Acute effect of pegvisomant on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy men: implications for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in GH deficiency","volume":"86","author":"Muller","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198912283212605","article-title":"The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"321","author":"Salomon","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1159\/000329930","article-title":"Role of growth hormone deficiency and treatment in chronic kidney disease","volume":"1","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000100720.01867.1D","article-title":"Cardiac effects of growth hormone in adults with growth hormone deficiency: a meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Maison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/100.5.585b","article-title":"Reversible dilated cardiomyopathy due to growth hormone deficiency","volume":"100","author":"Cuneo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(93)90145-E","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment improves serum lipids and lipoproteins in adults with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"42","author":"Cuneo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119139","article-title":"Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on muscle protein turnover in malnourished hemodialysis patients","volume":"99","author":"Garibotto","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.6.1235","article-title":"Recombinant human growth hormone improves muscle amino acid uptake and whole-body protein metabolism in chronic hemodialysis patients","volume":"82","author":"Pupim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V261130","article-title":"Effects of recombinant human growth hormone in adults receiving maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"2","author":"Ziegler","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1988.7","article-title":"Improvement of growth and food utilization by human recombinant growth hormone in uremia","volume":"33","author":"Mehls","year":"1988","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10811.x","article-title":"Role of growth hormone in growth failure of uraemia\u2013perspectives for application of recombinant growth hormone","volume":"343","author":"Mehls","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0019-5","article-title":"Wasting in chronic kidney disease","volume":"2","author":"Mak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0150","first-page":"99","article-title":"Influence of growth hormone on whole body and regional soft tissue composition in adult patients on hemodialysis. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"53","author":"Hansen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft070","article-title":"Uraemic sarcopenia: aetiology and implications","volume":"29","author":"Fahal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006111207","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment during hemodialysis in a randomized trial improves nutrition, quality of life, and cardiovascular risk","volume":"18","author":"Feldt-Rasmussen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v32.pm9740162","article-title":"Recombinant human growth hormone therapy in malnourished dialysis patients: a randomized controlled study","volume":"32","author":"Iglesias","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00971.x","article-title":"Differential effects of growth hormone therapy in malnourished hemodialysis patients","volume":"60","author":"Kotzmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.480","article-title":"A super-agonist of growth hormone-releasing hormone causes rapid improvement of nutritional status in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"77","author":"Niemczyk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02760608","article-title":"OPPORTUNITY: a randomized clinical trial of growth hormone on outcome in hemodialysis patients","volume":"3","author":"Kopple","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4095","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr363","article-title":"OPPORTUNITY&trade;: a large-scale randomized clinical trial of growth hormone in hemodialysis patients","volume":"26","author":"Kopple","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1989.65","article-title":"The delayed effect of growth hormone on renal function in humans","volume":"35","author":"Hirschberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104584","article-title":"Some effects of human growth hormone on renal hemodynamics and on tubular phosphate transport in man","volume":"41","author":"Corvilain","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0007","article-title":"The kidney in acromegaly: renal structure and function in patients with acromegaly during active disease and 1 year after disease remission","volume":"162","author":"Auriemma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25150","article-title":"Growth hormone induces transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein in podocytes: implications for podocyte depletion and proteinuria","volume":"116","author":"Chitra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.173.5.1287","article-title":"Glomerulosclerosis in mice transgenic for growth hormone. Increased mesangial extracellular matrix is correlated with kidney mRNA levels","volume":"173","author":"Doi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1197","article-title":"Microalbuminuria in insulin sensitivity in patients with growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumor","volume":"93","author":"Baldelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70156-3","article-title":"Effect of pituitary microsurgery on acromegaly complicated nephrotic syndrome with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: report of a rare clinical case","volume":"33","author":"Yoshida","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1626-1","article-title":"Delayed diagnosis of acromegaly in a patient with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a rare case report and literature review","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115119","article-title":"Effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I on glomerular dynamics in the rat","volume":"87","author":"Hirschberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-015-3157-8","article-title":"Long-term growth hormone treatment in short children with CKD does not accelerate decline of renal function: results from the KIGS registry and ESCAPE trial","volume":"30","author":"Mehls","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009_bib0168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1610","article-title":"Long-term treatment with recombinant insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in children with severe IGF-I deficiency due to growth hormone insensitivity","volume":"92","author":"Chernausek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0270929521000401?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0270929521000401?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T23:38:40Z","timestamp":1759448320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0270929521000401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0270929521000401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9295","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Role of Growth Hormone in Chronic Kidney Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Nephrology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2021.03.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}