{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:52:59Z","timestamp":1791579179198,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIN 13-402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIN 13-402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Career Development Award-1 (CDA-1) 1K1CX002847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Career Development Award-1 (CDA-1) 1K1CX002847"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","seminarsinnephrology.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:01:49Z","timestamp":1791518509000},"page":"151732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reducing Dietary Sodium Exposure in Chronic Kidney Disease: Challenges and Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9907-2667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8400-4727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana P.","family":"Brostow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6431-2095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M.","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9888","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60687-X","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives","volume":"382","author":"Jha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-019-00590-6","article-title":"Burden, access, and disparities in kidney disease","volume":"32","author":"Crews","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.368","article-title":"The contribution of chronic kidney disease to the global burden of major noncommunicable diseases","volume":"80","author":"Couser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.07.013","article-title":"Burden and cost of caring for US veterans with CKD: initial findings from the VA Renal Information System (VA-REINS)","volume":"77","author":"Saran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.10.035","article-title":"Food insecurity, CKD, and subsequent ESRD in US adults","volume":"70","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000357595","article-title":"Effect of food insecurity on chronic kidney disease in lower-income Americans","volume":"39","author":"Crews","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079919843308","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease among workers: a review of the literature","volume":"67","author":"Chicas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Workplace Health Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa SJ. Agrochemicals and chronic kidney disease of multi-factorial origin (CKDmfo): an environmentally induced, occupational exposure disease. Int J Nephrol Kidney Failure. 2015;1(3):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16966\/2380-5498.111.","DOI":"10.16966\/2380-5498.111"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0009","series-title":"Principles of Renal Physiology","author":"Lote","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0010","unstructured":"United States Renal Data System. 2018 USRDS Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2018. Accessed September 29, 2026. https:\/\/www.niddk.nih.gov\/about-niddk\/strategic-plans-reports\/usrds\/prior-data-reports\/2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101043440101","article-title":"Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet","volume":"344","author":"Sacks","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4S","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0012","first-page":"S1","article-title":"KDIGO 2020 clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease","volume":"98","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i59","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae258","article-title":"Combination therapy as a new standard of care in diabetic and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease","volume":"40","author":"Neuen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S367","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz011","article-title":"Diet and chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Kramer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.1762","article-title":"Appraising the FDA\u2019s sodium reduction efforts","volume":"333","author":"Musicus","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0016","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Nutrient Intakes from Food and Beverages: Mean Amounts Consumed per Individual, by Gender and Age, What We Eat in America, NHANES 2013\u20132014. Published 2016. Accessed September 29, 2026. https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/ARSUserFiles\/80400530\/pdf\/1314\/Table_1_NIN_GEN_13.pdf."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2026.100685","article-title":"Developing sodium reduction strategy: context-specific frameworks targeting main dietary sources","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2010.00752.x","article-title":"Dietary sodium in chronic kidney disease: a comprehensive approach","volume":"23","author":"Wright","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945905282323","article-title":"Benefits of and barriers to dietary sodium adherence","volume":"28","author":"Welch","year":"2006","journal-title":"West J Nurs Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0020","first-page":"133","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease: the new silent killer","volume":"106","author":"Kopyt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm.2019.04.548","article-title":"Epidemiology of cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease patients: the real silent killer","volume":"20","author":"Provenzano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab240","article-title":"More on the invisibility of chronic kidney disease . . . and counting","volume":"15","author":"Carriazo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2018.12.06","article-title":"Invisible and intangible illness: a qualitative interview study of patients\u2019 experiences and understandings of conservatively managed end-stage kidney disease","volume":"8","author":"Bristowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-025-01034-0","article-title":"Quality-oriented diet therapy for chronic kidney disease","volume":"22","author":"Carrero","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.08.007","article-title":"Knowledge does not correspond to adherence of renal diet restrictions in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3-5","volume":"31","author":"Betz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa182","article-title":"Volume overload in hemodialysis: diagnosis, cardiovascular consequences, and management","volume":"36","author":"Loutradis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00290109","article-title":"Pill burden, adherence, hyperphosphatemia, and quality of life in maintenance dialysis patients","volume":"4","author":"Chiu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.20754","article-title":"Survival on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis over 12 years with emphasis on nutritional parameters","volume":"37","author":"Avram","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12829","article-title":"Patient awareness and beliefs about the risk factors and comorbidities associated with chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods study","volume":"22","author":"Lopez-Vargas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ok E, Mees EJD. Unpleasant truths about salt restriction. Semin Dial. 2010;23(1):1-3. doi:10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2009.00670.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2009.00670.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.197210","article-title":"Large artery stiffening and remodeling are independently associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease","volume":"60","author":"Karras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.214","article-title":"Sodium restriction improves the gustatory threshold for salty taste in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"76","author":"Kusaba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E173","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001089","article-title":"State of the science: the relevance of symptoms in cardiovascular disease and research: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"146","author":"Jurgens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez LM, Ujano-De Motta L, Johnson-Koenke R, et al. A qualitative study to investigate the nutrition perspectives and experiences of veterans with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2025;20(11):1503-1515. doi:10.2215\/CJN.0000000800","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000800"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu325","article-title":"Pooled results from 5 validation studies of dietary self-report instruments using recovery biomarkers for potassium and sodium intake","volume":"181","author":"Freedman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6305-9","article-title":"Association between time preference, present-bias and physical activity: implications for designing behavior change interventions","volume":"18","author":"Hunter","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.07.001","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of the Food Dudes program: tangible rewards are more effective than social rewards for increasing short- and long-term fruit and vegetable consumption","volume":"116","author":"Morrill","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2014.03.011","article-title":"A systematic review of financial incentives for dietary behavior change","volume":"114","author":"Purnell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S578103","article-title":"Understanding patients\u2019 experiences and adherence challenges with dietary and fluid restriction in end-stage kidney disease: a qualitative study","volume":"20","author":"Liao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2005.00009.x","article-title":"Nonadherence with diet and fluid restrictions among adults having hemodialysis","volume":"37","author":"Kugler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.09.012","article-title":"Dietary and fluid restrictions in CKD: a thematic synthesis of patient views from qualitative studies","volume":"65","author":"Palmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac102","article-title":"Home-delivered meals as an adjuvant to improve volume overload and clinical outcomes in hemodialysis","volume":"15","author":"Perez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2012.02843.x","article-title":"Consumer awareness of salt and sodium reduction and sodium labeling","volume":"77","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0044","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine, Committee on Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake. Preservation and physical property roles of sodium in foods. In: Henney JE, Taylor CL, Boon CS, eds. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. National Academies Press; 2010:91-118. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK50952\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2023.107198","article-title":"Convenience as a dimension of food environments: a systematic scoping review of its definition and measurement","volume":"194","author":"Bogard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0046","first-page":"7","article-title":"Sustainable food consumption: an overview of contemporary issues and policies","volume":"9","author":"Reisch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sustain Sci Pract Policy"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad103","article-title":"Ultraprocessed foods and chronic kidney disease\u2014double trouble","volume":"16","author":"Avesani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000789","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and food additives in CKD: unveiling hidden risks and advocating smarter food choices","volume":"21","author":"Avesani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0049","unstructured":"International Food Information Council. 2026 IFIC Food & Health Survey: A Focus on Dietary Guidance & Processed Food. Published July 16, 2026. Accessed September 29, 2026. https:\/\/ific.org\/research\/2026-ific-food-health-survey-dietary-guidance-processed-food\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0734-z","article-title":"An integrative review of the methodology and findings regarding dietary adherence in end stage kidney disease","volume":"18","author":"Lambert","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/jorc.12260","article-title":"How do patients and carers make sense of renal dietary advice? A qualitative exploration","volume":"44","author":"Lambert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ren Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2014.07.008","article-title":"Dietary habits, poverty, and chronic kidney disease in an urban population","volume":"25","author":"Crews","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1159\/000487715","article-title":"Race\/ethnicity, dietary acid load, and risk of end-stage renal disease among US adults with chronic kidney disease","volume":"47","author":"Crews","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.05.020","article-title":"Patient-reported outcome instruments for physical symptoms among patients receiving maintenance dialysis: a systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Flythe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-019-0450-6","article-title":"Healthy eating index versus alternate healthy index in relation to diabetes status and health markers in U.S. adults: NHANES 2007-2010","volume":"18","author":"Al-Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0056","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture. US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020\u20132025. 9th ed. Published December 2020. Accessed September 29, 2026. https:\/\/www.dietaryguidelines.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-12\/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2016.06.001","article-title":"Modified nutritional recommendations to improve dietary patterns and outcomes in hemodialysis patients","volume":"27","author":"Biruete","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12348","article-title":"Dietary restrictions in dialysis patients: is there anything left to eat?","volume":"28","author":"Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2015.11.006","volume":"26","author":"Sevick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2018.01.015","article-title":"The frustrating attempt to limit the interdialytic weight gain in patients on chronic hemodialysis: new insights into an old problem","volume":"28","author":"Bossola","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2018.10.006","article-title":"Determinants and the role of self-efficacy in a sodium-reduction trial in hemodialysis patients","volume":"29","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2015.10.002","article-title":"Exploring problems in following the hemodialysis diet and their relation to energy and nutrient intakes: the BalanceWise study","volume":"26","author":"St-Jules","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2013.04.005","article-title":"Health literacy: emerging evidence and applications in kidney disease care","volume":"20","author":"Dageforde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-017-9668-x","article-title":"Perceived sodium reduction barriers among patients with chronic kidney disease: which barriers are important and which patients experience barriers?","volume":"25","author":"Meuleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0066","series-title":"The Control of Interdialytic Weight Gain in Hemodialysis Patients","author":"Rigby-Mathews","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12902","article-title":"Pilot study to reduce interdialytic weight gain through low-sodium home-delivered meals in hemodialysis patients","volume":"25","author":"Perez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hemodial Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2016.01.016","article-title":"Diet and major renal outcomes: a prospective cohort study. The NIH-AARP diet and health study","volume":"26","author":"Smyth","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(99)00422-8","article-title":"Translating the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet from research to practice: dietary and behavior change techniques","volume":"99","author":"Windhauser","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.02.002","article-title":"Low Mediterranean diet scores are associated with reduced kidney function and health related quality of life but not other markers of cardiovascular risk in adults with diabetes and chronic kidney disease","volume":"31","author":"Picard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009849","article-title":"Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: a comparison of approaches for adjusting for total energy intake and modeling repeated dietary measurements","volume":"149","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2007.119","article-title":"Deteriorating dietary habits among adults with hypertension: DASH dietary accordance, NHANES 1988-1994 and 1999-2004","volume":"168","author":"Mellen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3 suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.05.006","article-title":"KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in CKD: 2020 update","volume":"76","author":"Ikizler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-017-0843-x","article-title":"Diet and diabetic kidney disease: plant versus animal protein","volume":"17","author":"Moorthi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08960718","article-title":"Plant-based diets in CKD","volume":"14","author":"Clegg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0077","first-page":"229","article-title":"Motivational Interviewing in Dialysis Adherence Study (MIDAS)","volume":"38","author":"Russell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol Nurs J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2010.03.021","article-title":"State of the evidence regarding behavior change theories and strategies in nutrition counseling to facilitate health and food behavior change","volume":"110","author":"Spahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1422149","article-title":"Editorial: personalized nutrition in chronic kidney disease","volume":"11","author":"Caldiroli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.07.005","article-title":"Precision nutrition and personalized diet plan for kidney health and kidney disease management","volume":"30","author":"Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-014-9447-x","article-title":"Perceived barriers and support strategies for reducing sodium intake in patients with chronic kidney disease: a qualitative study","volume":"22","author":"Meuleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.01.012","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of sodium levels in the Canadian packaged food supply","volume":"46","author":"Arcand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.025353","article-title":"Reducing the sodium-potassium ratio in the US diet: a challenge for public health","volume":"96","author":"Drewnowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1992.12098246","article-title":"Considerations of dietary sodium\/potassium\/energy ratios of selected foods","volume":"11","author":"Arbeit","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0085","unstructured":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Nutrition Questionnaire Service Center: nutrient data. Accessed September 29, 2026. https:\/\/hsph.harvard.edu\/department\/nutrition\/nutrition-questionnaire-service-center\/#nutrient-data"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050574","article-title":"Dieta de la milpa: a culturally-concordant plant-based dietary pattern for Hispanic\/Latine people with chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Biruete","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-024-00517-z","article-title":"Ultra-processed food and obesity: what is the evidence?","volume":"13","author":"Dicken","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-017-0285-4","article-title":"Ultra-processed food intake and obesity: what really matters for health\u2014processing or nutrient content?","volume":"6","author":"Poti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306627","article-title":"Better late than never: the FDA\u2019s sodium reduction targets","volume":"112","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.03.010","article-title":"Health and budgetary impact of achieving 10-year U.S. sodium reduction targets","volume":"59","author":"Dehmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0091","unstructured":"Veterans Health Administration. Food Service Management. VHA Directive 1439(1). Department of Veterans Affairs; 2019. Amended September 30, 2022. Accessed September 29, 2026. https:\/\/www.va.gov\/vhapublications\/ViewPublication.asp?pub_ID=8557"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-026-02590-z","article-title":"Voluntary salt reduction by food companies in Japan: a practical guide to target-setting and reformulation strategies","volume":"49","author":"Ikeda","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-025-02108-z","article-title":"Evaluation of public health and economic impacts of dietary salt reduction initiatives on social security expenditures for cardiovascular disease control in Japan","volume":"48","author":"Ikeda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001182","article-title":"Food Is Medicine: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"148","author":"Volpp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004886","article-title":"Home-delivered meals postdischarge from heart failure hospitalization","volume":"11","author":"Hummel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006389","article-title":"Low- versus moderate-sodium diet in patients with recent hospitalization for heart failure","volume":"13","author":"Kalogeropoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28780","article-title":"The effect of home-delivered Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) meals on the diets of older adults with cardiovascular disease","volume":"91","author":"Troyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04407-5","article-title":"Medically tailored meals receipt and healthcare utilization and costs in Massachusetts\u2019 Medicaid demonstration","volume":"32","author":"Hager","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4716-z","article-title":"Medically tailored meal delivery for diabetes patients with food insecurity: a randomized cross-over trial","volume":"34","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2024.01307","article-title":"Estimated impact of medically tailored meals on health care use and expenditures in 50 US states","volume":"44","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000785","article-title":"Culinary medicine for CKD","volume":"21","author":"Schlueter","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.11.002","article-title":"Culinary medicine as a core component of the medical nutrition therapy for kidney health and disease","volume":"31","author":"Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305358","article-title":"Healthy teaching kitchen programs: experiential nutrition education across Veterans Health Administration, 2018","volume":"109","author":"Black","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0270929526000513?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0270929526000513?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:33:06Z","timestamp":1791577986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0270929526000513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":101,"alternative-id":["S0270929526000513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9295","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Reducing Dietary Sodium Exposure in Chronic Kidney Disease: Challenges and Opportunities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Nephrology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2026.151732","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"151732"}}