{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:06:41Z","timestamp":1787785601063,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,6,10]],"date-time":"2027-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1812585600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":374,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01NS077955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01NS077955"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01NS077953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01NS077953"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD029421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD029421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD094809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD094809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NCT05340465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCT05340465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD117850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD117850"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01HL046925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01HL046925"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Perinatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T11:28:11Z","timestamp":1777030091000},"page":"152235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The importance of iron in neonatal and infant nutrition"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Kendell","family":"German","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K","family":"Georgieff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1159\/000448514","article-title":"Iron deficiency impairs developing hippocampal neuron gene expression, energy metabolism, and dendrite complexity","volume":"38","author":"Bastian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(1998)107:27+<177::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Adipose tissue in human infancy and childhood: an evolutionary perspective","volume":"41","author":"Kuzawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Yearb Phys Anthr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-043021-032816","article-title":"Hepcidin and iron in health and disease","volume":"74","author":"Nemeth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.01.037","article-title":"Single-dose intravenous iron vs oral iron for treatment of maternal iron deficiency anemia: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"233","author":"Derman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Obs Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0005","article-title":"Impact of maternal iron deficiency in early pregnancy on neonatal iron status and neurodevelopment at two years of age: a prospective, maternal-infant cohort study","author":"McCarthy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.11.003","article-title":"Effect of perinatal iron deficiency on myelination and associated behaviors in rat pups","volume":"188","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20307","article-title":"Perinatal iron deficiency results in altered developmental expression of genes mediating energy metabolism and neuronal morphogenesis in hippocampus","volume":"17","author":"Carlson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(80)90148-3","article-title":"Grahame-Smith DG. The effects of iron deficiency on brain biogenic monoamine biochemistry and function in rats","volume":"19","author":"Youdim","year":"1980","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0009","first-page":"620","article-title":"Effect of prenatal iron deficiency on myelination in rat pups","volume":"125","author":"Yu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82554-5","article-title":"Iron deficiency of liver, heart, and brain in newborn infants of diabetic mothers","volume":"121","author":"Petry","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab005","article-title":"Maternal iron deficiency modulates placental transcriptome and proteome in mid-gestation of mouse pregnancy","volume":"151","author":"Prado","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.03.006","article-title":"Iron deficiency in pregnancy","volume":"223","author":"Georgieff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obs Gynecol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0515-6","article-title":"Patterns of phlebotomy blood loss and transfusions in extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"39","author":"Puia-Dumitrescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0014","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026). [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/anaemia]."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.6.997","article-title":"The role of nutrition in the development of normal cognition","volume":"63","author":"Kretchmer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.09.049","article-title":"In utero iron status and auditory neural maturation in premature infants as evaluated by auditory brainstem response","volume":"156","author":"Sanjiv B Amin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1704991","article-title":"Jie Shao BL. Timing of iron deficiency and recognition memory in infancy","volume":"25","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20049","article-title":"Creed-Kanashiro H. Relation of neonatal iron status to individual variability in neonatal temperament","volume":"46","author":"Wachs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.227561","article-title":"Prenatal choline supplementation diminishes early-life iron deficiency-induced reprogramming of molecular networks associated with behavioral abnormalities in the adult rat hippocampus","volume":"146","author":"Tran","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.20","article-title":"Iron is prioritized to red blood cells over the brain in phlebotomized anemic newborn lambs","volume":"79","author":"Zamora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0021","first-page":"R486","article-title":"Multiomic profiling of iron-deficient infant monkeys reveals alterations in neurologically important biochemicals in serum and cerebrospinal fluid before the onset of anemia","volume":"322","author":"Sandri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-024-01950-2","article-title":"A survey of iron supplementation, iron status surveillance, and erythropoiesis stimulating agent use in level III NICUs in the United States","volume":"44","author":"Tuttle","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105395","article-title":"Comparison of two markers of iron sufficiency and neurodevelopmental outcomes","volume":"158","author":"German","year":"2021","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.120688","article-title":"Cord serum ferritin concentrations and mental and psychomotor development of children at five years of age","volume":"140","author":"Tamura","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2003.101","article-title":"Zinc protoporphyrin\/heme as an indicator of iron status in NICU patients","volume":"142","author":"Juul","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2015.140","article-title":"Reference intervals for reticulocyte parameters of infants during their first 90 days after birth","volume":"36","author":"Christensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzaa104","article-title":"Hepcidin, Serum iron, and transferrin saturation in full-term and premature infants during the first month of life: a State-of-the-art review of existing evidence in humans","volume":"4","author":"Cross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.03.028","article-title":"Re-evaluation of serum ferritin cut-off values for the diagnosis of iron deficiency in children aged 12-36 months","volume":"188","author":"Abdullah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2576","article-title":"Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age)","volume":"126","author":"Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26591","article-title":"Iron supplementation of breastfed infants from an early age","volume":"89","author":"Ziegler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000353161","article-title":"A review of cord blood concentrations of iron status parameters to define reference ranges for preterm infants","volume":"104","author":"Lorenz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000206","article-title":"Iron requirements of infants and toddlers","volume":"58","author":"Domell\u00f6f","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.07.019","article-title":"Enteral iron supplementation in infants born extremely preterm and its positive correlation with neurodevelopment; post hoc analysis of the preterm erythropoietin neuroprotection trial randomized controlled trial","volume":"238","author":"German","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.07.018","article-title":"Postdischarge iron requirements of the preterm infant","volume":"167","author":"Domell\u00f6f","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101612","article-title":"Iron supplementation for infants in the NICU: what preparation, how much, and how long is optimal?","volume":"30","author":"Juul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1907423","article-title":"A randomized trial of erythropoietin for neuroprotection in preterm infants","volume":"382","author":"Juul","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003033","article-title":"Intestinal microbiome in preterm infants influenced by enteral iron dosing","volume":"72","author":"Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2011.03.016","article-title":"A comparative study of the physicochemical properties of iron isomaltoside 1000 (Monofer), a new intravenous iron preparation and its clinical implications","volume":"78","author":"Jahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014600052600025X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014600052600025X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:21:49Z","timestamp":1785885709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S014600052600025X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S014600052600025X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-0005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-0005","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The importance of iron in neonatal and infant nutrition","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Perinatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152235","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"152235"}}