{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:19:29Z","timestamp":1787566769449,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Perinatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T03:39:23Z","timestamp":1781926763000},"page":"152274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Initial nutrition in preterm infants: Evidence, uncertainty, and research priorities"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1830-5705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay F.","family":"Holzapfel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8554-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa K.","family":"Thoene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2450-9680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel T.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory C.","family":"Valentine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0001","series-title":"Cochrane database of systematic reviews","article-title":"Early full enteral feeding for preterm or low birth weight infants","author":"Walsh","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.02.019","article-title":"Early full enteral nutrition with fortified milk in very preterm infants: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"121","author":"Salas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(25)00271-8","article-title":"Full exclusively enteral fluids from day 1 versus gradual feeding in preterm infants (FEED1): a open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, randomised, superiority trial","volume":"9","author":"Ojha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000052","article-title":"Colostrum as oral immune therapy to promote neonatal health","volume":"14","author":"Gephart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Neonatal Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2008.130","article-title":"Oropharyngeal administration of colostrum to extremely low birth weight infants: theoretical perspectives","volume":"29","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0556-x","article-title":"Early oral colostrum administration in preterm infants","volume":"40","author":"Maffei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0244","article-title":"The effects of early oropharyngeal administration of microdosed colostrum on feeding status in ventilated extremely low-birth-weight infants","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e357","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2004","article-title":"Oropharyngeal colostrum administration in extremely premature infants: an RCT","volume":"135","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-04346-x","article-title":"Oropharyngeal administration of colostrum targeting gut microbiota and metabolites in very preterm infants: protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/19345798241310739","article-title":"Does oral care with mother\u2019s colostrum reduce the risk of late-onset sepsis in preterm infants? A randomized clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"Taha","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0011","first-page":"54","article-title":"Oropharyngeal colostrum therapy reduces the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in very low birth weight infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatric Research","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Springer Nat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2023.104527","article-title":"The effect of oropharyngeal colostrum administration on the clinical outcomes of premature infants: a meta-analysis","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0013","series-title":"Oropharyngeal Colostrum in Preventing Mortality and Morbidity in Preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","author":"Nasuf","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0014","article-title":"Early enteral feeding in preterm infants: a narrative review of the nutritional, metabolic, and developmental benefits","author":"Thoene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr MDPI AG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.6.1467","article-title":"Nutrient metabolism onset of small intestinal atrophy is associated with reduced intestinal blood flow in TPN-fed neonatal piglets 1,2","author":"Niinikoski","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"648\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0016","article-title":"Total parenteral nutrition adversely affects gut barrier function in neonatal piglets","volume":"285","author":"Kansagra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2024.151927","article-title":"Nutrition and the gut-brain axis in neonatal brain injury and development","volume":"48","author":"Perez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(00)00017-5","article-title":"The essentiality of long chain n-3 fatty acids in relation to development and function of the brain and retina","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0019","first-page":"1","article-title":"Breast milk: a source of functional compounds with potential application in nutrition and therapy","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr MDPI AG;"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab103","article-title":"Human milk 3\u2019-sialyllactose is positively associated with language development during infancy","volume":"114","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2023.04.002","article-title":"Early fluid and nutritional management of extremely preterm newborns during the fetal-to-neonatal transition","volume":"50","author":"Valentine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nangia S, Maheshwari A, Valentine GC, Perez K, Burrin DG, Abayneh M, et al. Advancement of enteral feeding in very-low-birth-weight infants: global issues and challenges. Newborn. 2022 Oct 7;1 (3):306\u201313. doi:10.5005\/jp-journals-11002-0038.","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-11002-0038"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0023","series-title":"Early trophic feeding versus enteral fasting for very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane database of systematic reviews","author":"Morgan","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0024","series-title":"Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane database of systematic reviews","author":"Young","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1159\/000496015","article-title":"Early total enteral feeding versus conventional enteral feeding in stable very-low-birth-weight infants: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"115","author":"Nangia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0026","first-page":"3","article-title":"Enteral nutritional practices in extremely preterm infants: a survey of U . S . NICUs","author":"Romero-lopez","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1816654","article-title":"Controlled trial of two incremental milk-feeding rates in preterm infants","volume":"381","author":"Dorling","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0028","first-page":"2021","article-title":"Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants","author":"Oddie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1998.tb00928.x","article-title":"Transepidermal water loss in infants born at 24 and 25 weeks of gestation","volume":"87","author":"\u00c5gren","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0030","first-page":"237","author":"Valentine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Early Inadequate or excessive weight loss: a potential contributor to mortality in premature newborns in resource-scarce settings? pediatrics and neonatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.948","article-title":"ESPGHAN\/ESPEN\/ESPR\/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: fluid and electrolytes","volume":"37","author":"Jochum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-022-01369-7","article-title":"Postnatal maximal weight loss, fluid administration, and outcomes in extremely preterm newborns","volume":"42","author":"Valentine","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/children9020276","article-title":"Association of weight changes by three days after birth and mortality and\/or severe neurological injury in preterm infants < 29 weeks gestational age: a multicenter cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Zozaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1159\/000545106","article-title":"Early postnatal weight loss and its association with outcomes in very preterm neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Kothapally","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0035","series-title":"Advances in nutrition","article-title":"Expected and desirable preterm and small infant growth patterns","author":"Fenton","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.15","article-title":"Physiological adjustment to postnatal growth trajectories in healthy preterm infants","volume":"79","author":"Rochow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-024-01869-8","article-title":"Time to regain birthweight and association with neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely preterm newborns","volume":"44","author":"Valentine","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0038","article-title":"Time to regain birthweight and in-hospital outcomes among United States-born extremely preterm newborns","author":"Valentine","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.10.006","article-title":"Identifying malnutrition in preterm and neonatal populations: recommended indicators","volume":"118","author":"Goldberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003642","article-title":"Enteral Nutrition in preterm infants (2022): a position paper from the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition and Invited Experts","volume":"76","author":"Embleton","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0041","series-title":"Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane database of systematic reviews","author":"Bell","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0042","article-title":"Early feeding and fluid volume associations with adverse in-hospital outcomes among premature newborns","author":"Brandon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211751","article-title":"Association between early postnatal weight loss and death or BPD in small and appropriate for gestational age extremely low-birth-weight infants","volume":"27","author":"Wadhawan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2018.06.003","article-title":"The association of early postnatal weight loss with outcome in extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"60","author":"Aksoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0045","unstructured":"Hartnoll G, B\u00e9tr\u00e9mieux P, Modi N. Body water content extreme preterm infants birth. Report."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0046","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists","volume":"137","author":"Galan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstetrics and gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.037","article-title":"Placental features of fetal vascular malperfusion and infant neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years of age in severe fetal growth restriction","volume":"225","author":"Gardella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obs Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2550","article-title":"Guidelines for parenteral nutrition in preterm infants: the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition","author":"Robinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Parenter Enter Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0049","article-title":"Association between parenteral nutrition and length of stay in late preterm and term infants: a retrospective cohort study","author":"Savioli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Parenter Enter Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2805","article-title":"Association between late parenteral nutrition initiation and length of hospital stay in late preterm and term infants: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"49","author":"Savioli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Parenter Enter Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.945","article-title":"ESPGHAN\/ESPEN\/ESPR\/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: amino acids","volume":"37","author":"van Goudoever","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2007.02.005","article-title":"Evidence supporting early nutritional support with parenteral amino acid infusion","author":"Denne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.10.038","article-title":"Early provision of parenteral amino acids in extremely low birth weight infants: relation to growth and neurodevelopmental outcome","volume":"148","author":"Poindexter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0211","article-title":"First-week protein and energy intakes are associated with 18-month developmental outcomes in extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"123","author":"Stephens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0055","series-title":"Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition. Cochrane database of systematic reviews","author":"Trivedi","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.947","article-title":"ESPGHAN\/ESPEN\/ESPR\/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: carbohydrates","volume":"37","author":"Mesotten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0057","article-title":"Fetal nutrition","author":"Battaglia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann Rev Nutr [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0058","article-title":"Placental-fetal glucose exchange and fetal glucose metabolism","author":"Hay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans Am Clin Clim Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.4.791","article-title":"Gluconeogenesis in very low birth weight infants receiving total parenteral nutrition","author":"Sunehag","year":"1999","journal-title":"DIABETES [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1159\/000514736","article-title":"Energy requirements and carbohydrates in preterm infants","author":"Huff","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Rev Nutr Diet S Karger AG;"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607111418980","article-title":"A.S.P.E.N. Clinical guidelines","volume":"36","author":"Arsenault","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Parenter Enter Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramel S, Rao R. hyperglycemia Extreme preterm infants education gaps [internet]. Report. Available from: http:\/\/publications.aap.org\/neoreviews\/article-pdf\/21\/2\/e89\/821855\/neoreviews_092019cmerev00126.pdf.","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.21-2-e89"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0063","unstructured":"Hodges BS, Johnson M, Barr SM. Pocket guide to neonatal nutrition academy of nutrition and dietetics . 3rd ed. 2022. 33\u201367 p."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14164","article-title":"Strictly controlled glucose infusion rates are associated with a reduced risk of hyperglycaemia in extremely low birth weight preterm infants","volume":"107","author":"Stensvold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16748","article-title":"Outcomes of very preterm infants with hyperglycaemia treated with insulin: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Patidar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70389-0","article-title":"Exogenous insulin reduces proteolysis and protein synthesis in extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"132","author":"Poindexter","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803725","article-title":"Early insulin therapy in very-low-birth-weight infants","author":"Beardsall","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05812-z","article-title":"Association of early dysglycemia with intraventricular hemorrhage and mortality in very low birth weight infants","volume":"183","author":"Al-Mouqdad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0069","series-title":"Neonatal hypoglycemia and neurodevelopmental outcomes-an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Life","author":"Diggikar","year":"2024"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0425-5","article-title":"Moderate neonatal hypoglycemia and adverse neurological development at 2-6 years of age","volume":"33","author":"Wickstr\u00f6m","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3851","article-title":"Clinical report - postnatal glucose homeostasis in late-preterm and term infants","volume":"127","author":"Adamkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000091948","article-title":"Hypoglycemia in newborn infants: features associated with adverse outcomes","volume":"90","author":"Rozance","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.5.1141","article-title":"Controversies regarding definition of neonatal hypoglycemia: suggested operational thresholds","author":"Cornblath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06082-z","article-title":"Exploring the long-term impacts of neonatal hypoglycemia to determine a safe threshold for glucose concentrations","author":"Garg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0075","article-title":"Early introduction of lipids to parenterally-fed preterm infants","author":"Simmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlaardingerbroek H, van Goudoever JB. Intravenous lipids in preterm infants: impact on laboratory and clinical outcomes and long-term consequences. In. 2015. p. 71\u201380. doi:10.1159\/000365459.","DOI":"10.1159\/000365459"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.946","article-title":"ESPGHAN\/ESPEN\/ESPR\/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: lipids","volume":"37","author":"Lapillonne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.07.002","article-title":"Levels of lipids in preterm infants fed breast milk","volume":"29","author":"Rochow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05118-6","article-title":"Cord blood triglyceride and total cholesterol in preterm and term neonates: reference values and associated factors from the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study","volume":"182","author":"Go","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-023-01637-0","article-title":"Dilemmas in the delivery of intravenous lipid emulsions and approach to hypertriglyceridemia in very preterm and low birth weight infants","volume":"43","author":"Frost","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0081","series-title":"A Neonatologist\u2019s Perspective: Is the Quest for an \u201cIdeal\u201d Lipid Emulsion Over? Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition","first-page":"12","author":"Premkumar","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2009.10719778","article-title":"History of parenteral nutrition","volume":"28","author":"Dudrick","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0083","article-title":"Parenteral nutrition and lipids","author":"Raman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr MDPI AG;"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0084","article-title":"Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants","volume":"6","author":"Kapoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.10.014","article-title":"A secondary outcome analysis of a randomized trial using a mixed lipid emulsion containing fish oil in infants with extremely low birth weight: cognitive and behavioral outcome at preschool age","volume":"254","author":"Thanhaeuser","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010058","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants receiving a multicomponent vs. a soybean-based lipid emulsion: 24 month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Gallini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0087","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a composite lipid emulsion with fish oil in hospitalized neonates and infants requiring prolonged parenteral nutrition - A randomized","author":"Abrams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Double-Blind Multicent Control Trial J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2016.09.001","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes and nutritional strategies in very low birth weight infants","volume":"22","author":"Belfort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"SUPPL 1","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0089","article-title":"Early lipid supply and neurological development at one year in very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants","volume":"88","author":"Eleni dit Trolli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003076","article-title":"Nutritional Management of the critically ill neonate: a position paper of the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition","volume":"73","author":"Moltu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greer FR, Abrams SA. Nutritional needs of the preterm infant American academy of pediatrics [Internet]. 9th ed. 2025. Available from: http:\/\/publications.aap.org\/aapbooks\/monograph\/chapter-pdf\/1764255\/ch5.pdf doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/9781610027700.","DOI":"10.1542\/9781610027700"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0092","series-title":"Nutritional Care of preterm infants","article-title":"Practice of parenteral nutrition in preterm infants","author":"Koletzko","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0093","article-title":"The influence of early nutrition on brain growth and neurodevelopment in extremely preterm babies: a narrative review","author":"Cormack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr MDPI AG;"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.951","article-title":"ESPGHAN\/ESPEN\/ESPR\/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: vitamins","volume":"37","author":"Bronsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0095","series-title":"Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition","first-page":"560","article-title":"Evidence and unknowns for the relevancy of applying current parenteral nutrition support recommendations among infants born less than 750 g or younger than 25 weeks\u2019 gestation: a narrative review","author":"Romero-Lopez","year":"2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.950","article-title":"ESPGHAN\/ESPEN\/ESPR\/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: calcium, phosphorus and magnesium","volume":"37","author":"Mihatsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.949","article-title":"ESPGHAN\/ESPEN\/ESPR\/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: iron and trace minerals","volume":"37","author":"Domell\u00f6f","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0098","first-page":"69","article-title":"Vain N. Scientific basis and practical application of nutritional care for preterm infants","volume":"122","author":"Koletzko","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Rev Nutr Diet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1862","article-title":"Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents","author":"Wagner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03514-8","article-title":"Survey of vitamin D supplementation practices in extremely preterm infants","volume":"97","author":"Romero-Lopez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10474","article-title":"ASPEN consensus recommendations for refeeding syndrome","volume":"35","author":"da Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.07.010","article-title":"Energy and protein intake during the transition from parenteral to enteral nutrition in infants of very low birth weight","volume":"202","author":"Falciglia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/s1980-220x2017040103360","article-title":"Incidence of infiltration\/extravasation in newborns using peripheral venous catheter and affecting factors","volume":"52","author":"Atay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Esc Enferm"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2022.07.011","article-title":"Factors affecting the patency and complications of peripheral intravenous catheters in newborns","volume":"64","author":"Tseng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-094464","article-title":"Evaluation of optical sensor technology for the early detection of peripheral intravenous infiltration in neonates: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Van Rens","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0146000526000637?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0146000526000637?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T08:25:42Z","timestamp":1787559942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0146000526000637"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0146000526000637"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-0005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-0005","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Initial nutrition in preterm infants: Evidence, uncertainty, and research priorities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Perinatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semperi.2026.152274","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"152274"}}