{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:41:49Z","timestamp":1791484909458,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Radiation Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,14]],"date-time":"2004-07-14T10:36:08Z","timestamp":1089801368000},"page":"259-266","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":242,"title":["Oxidative stress, redox, and the tumor microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"John A.","family":"Cook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Wink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murali C.","family":"Krishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00480-4","article-title":"Redox environment of the cell as viewed through the redox state of the glutathione disulfide\/glutathione couple","volume":"30","author":"Schafer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(02)00445-8","article-title":"Reversible oxidation and inactivation of protein tyrosine phosphatases in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Meng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(69)90064-5","article-title":"Enzymic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione. Application to mammalian blood and other tissues","volume":"27","author":"Tietze","year":"1969","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(81)90498-X","article-title":"Analysis of biological thiols","volume":"114","author":"Newton","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90085-6","article-title":"The determination of glutathione, cyst(e)ine, and other thiols and disulfides in biological samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with dual electrochemical detection","volume":"163","author":"Richie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00176-8","article-title":"Biologic and pharmacologic regulation of mammalian glutathione synthesis","volume":"27","author":"Griffith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05062-X","article-title":"Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) efflux from cells and tissues","volume":"105","author":"Sies","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(03)00276-4","article-title":"Pretreatment growth environments alter the sensitivity of tumor cells to cytotoxic agents","volume":"35","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB9","first-page":"96","article-title":"The role of glutathione in radiation and drug induced cytotoxicity","volume":"55","author":"Mitchell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(89)90301-5","article-title":"Glutathione modulation in cancer treatment","volume":"16","author":"Mitchell","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB11","first-page":"4287","article-title":"Cellular glutathione and thiol measurements from surgically resected human lung tumor and normal lung tissue","volume":"51","author":"Cook","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(86)90245-2","article-title":"The relationship of SR-2508 sensitizer enhancement ratio to cellular glutathione levels in human tumor cell lines","volume":"12","author":"Mitchell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB13","first-page":"525","article-title":"Antioxidant enzyme levels in cancer","volume":"12","author":"Oberley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Histol Histopatho"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1089\/15230860152409095","article-title":"Anticancer therapy by overexpression of superoxide dismutase","volume":"3","author":"Oberley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(02)00742-6","article-title":"Study of in vitro and in vivo effects of the piperidine nitroxide Tempol\u2014A potential new therapeutic agent for gliomas","volume":"39","author":"Gariboldi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2003)159[0361:PORIOC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Prevention of radiation-induced oral cavity mucositis by plasmid\/liposome delivery of the human manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) transgene","volume":"159","author":"Guo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB17","first-page":"1750","article-title":"Tempol, a stable free radical, is a novel murine radiation protector","volume":"52","author":"Hahn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB18","first-page":"273","article-title":"Protection from radiation-induced alopecia with topical application of nitroxides","volume":"2","author":"Cuscela","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer J Sci Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(96)00556-4","article-title":"Evaluation of tempol radioprotection in a murine tumor model","volume":"22","author":"Hahn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00092-6","article-title":"The chemical biology of nitric oxide","volume":"25","author":"Wink","year":"1998","journal-title":"Free Rad Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/19.5.711","article-title":"The multifaceted roles of nitric oxide in cancer","volume":"19","author":"Wink","year":"1998","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63876-X","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human colorectal cancer","volume":"162","author":"Cianchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)00763-Y","article-title":"Nitric oxide regulates mitochondrial respiration and cell functions by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase","volume":"369","author":"Brown","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB24","first-page":"5845","article-title":"Hypoxic mammalian cell radiosensitization by nitric oxide","volume":"53","author":"Mitchell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301609","article-title":"Tumour cell radiosensitization using constitutive (CMV) and radiation inducible (WAF1) promoters to drive the iNOS gene","volume":"9","author":"Worthington","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-8603(02)00147-7","article-title":"Overexpression of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene enhances radiation-induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via a caspase-dependent mechanism","volume":"8","author":"Chung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB27","first-page":"6246","article-title":"Gene expression after treatment with hydrogen peroxide, menadione, or t-butyl hydroperoxide in breast cancer cells","volume":"62","author":"Chuang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520170128","article-title":"Redox signaling and the MAP kinase pathways","volume":"17","author":"Torres","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(99)00024-7","article-title":"Intracellular oxidation\/reduction status in the regulation of transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1","volume":"106","author":"Gius","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3106","article-title":"Nucleoredoxin, glutaredoxin, and thioredoxin differentially regulate NF-kappaB, AP-1, and CREB activation in HEK293 cells","volume":"274","author":"Hirota","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB31","first-page":"6688","article-title":"Thioredoxin nuclear translocation and interaction with redox factor-1 activates the activator protein-1 transcription factor in response to ionizing radiation","volume":"60","author":"Wei","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6317","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205749","article-title":"Thioredoxin reductase regulates AP-1 activity as well as thioredoxin nuclear localization via active cysteines in response to ionizing radiation","volume":"21","author":"Karimpour","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3460001","article-title":"Thioredoxin reductase","volume":"346","author":"Mustacich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27891","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.39.27891","article-title":"Distinct roles of thioredoxin in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. A two-step mechanism of redox regulation of transcription factor NF-kappaB","volume":"274","author":"Hirota","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05411.x","article-title":"Redox activation of Fos-Jun DNA binding activity is mediated by a DNA repair enzyme","volume":"11","author":"Xanthoudakis","year":"1992","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06199.x","article-title":"Glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress in human tumor cells. A fundamental defect in metabolism?","volume":"899","author":"Spitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB37","first-page":"1562","article-title":"In vivo electron paramagnetic resonance imaging of tumor heterogeneity and oxygenation in a murine model","volume":"58","author":"Kuppusamy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0455.2002.430418.x","article-title":"Feasibility and assessment of non-invasive in vivo redox status using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging","volume":"43","author":"Yamada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB39","first-page":"307","article-title":"Noninvasive imaging of tumor redox status and its modification by tissue glutathione levels","volume":"62","author":"Kuppusamy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.042671399","article-title":"Overhauser enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for tumor oximetry","volume":"99","author":"Krishna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Radiation Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053429604000529?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053429604000529?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T14:56:49Z","timestamp":1585839409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1053429604000529"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1053429604000529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semradonc.2004.04.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-4296"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-4296","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]}}}