{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:21:32Z","timestamp":1790202092371,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Safety and Health at Work"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T03:36:47Z","timestamp":1611373007000},"page":"249-254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Prevalence and Effect of Workplace Violence against Emergency Nurses at a Tertiary Hospital in Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Betty Kiunga","family":"Kibunja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horatius Malilu","family":"Musembi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7735-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel Wangari","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8331-4536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samwel Maina","family":"Gatimu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-105849","article-title":"Prevalence of workplace violence against healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib2","article-title":"Nurses' experience of violence in Alberta and British Columbia hospitals","volume":"32","author":"Duncan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Nurs Res Archive"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019373","article-title":"Impact of workplace violence and compassionate behaviour in hospitals on stress, sleep quality and subjective health status among Chinese nurses: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2018.01.003","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of workplace violence against nurses in a Chinese top-level teaching hospital: a cross-sectional study","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib5","first-page":"240","article-title":"Work place violence against nursing staff working in emergency departments at general hospitals in Basra city","volume":"9","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4112-3","article-title":"Workplace violence towards nurses in Hong Kong: prevalence and correlates","volume":"17","author":"Cheung","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2016.03.014","article-title":"Workplace violence experienced by nursing students: a UK survey","volume":"41","author":"Tee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244017701187","article-title":"Workplace violence against nurses: a cross-sectional descriptive study of Ghanaian nurses","volume":"7","author":"Boafo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13884","article-title":"Antecedents and consequences of workplace violence against nurses: a qualitative study","volume":"27","author":"Najafi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib10","series-title":"Workplace violence in the health sector - country case studies research instruments: survey questionnaire (English) (joint program on workplace violence in the health sector)","first-page":"1","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-016-0162-6","article-title":"Prevalence of workplace violence in Northwest Ethiopia: a multivariate analysis","volume":"15","author":"Tiruneh","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1891\/1541-6577.31.1.28","article-title":"Workplace violence against nurses: Vhembe district hospitals, South Africa","volume":"31","author":"Madzhadzhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Theory Nurs Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-108","article-title":"Violence towards health care workers in a Public Health Care Facility in Italy: a repeated cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Magnavita","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079917703409","article-title":"The relationship between shiftwork and violence against nurses: a case control study","volume":"65","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Workplace Health Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/NNA.0b013e3181ae97db","article-title":"Violence against nurses working in US emergency departments","volume":"39","author":"Gacki-Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nurs Adm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S114870","article-title":"Workplace violence in different settings and among various health professionals in an Italian general hospital: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Ferri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2258-4","article-title":"Workplace violence against nurses in the Gambia: mixed methods design","volume":"17","author":"Sisawo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-015-0018-2","article-title":"Workplace violence towards workers in the emergency departments of Palestinian hospitals: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Hamdan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20183609","article-title":"Violence against health care workers: a provider\u2019s (staff nurse) perspective","volume":"5","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Commun Med Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2356-3","article-title":"Burnout among workers in emergency Departments in Palestinian hospitals: prevalence and associated factors","volume":"17","author":"Hamdan","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib21","first-page":"51","article-title":"Investigating the factors affecting violence against emergency nurses in Sabzevar Medical Sciences Hospitals","volume":"2","author":"Dehnabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occup Hyg Health Promot J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib22","series-title":"The employment act 2007","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib23","series-title":"Cases of nurses being attacked at work on the rise","author":"Ukaya","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib24","series-title":"KNH nurse in critical condition after attack by patient's kin","author":"Okeyo","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib25","series-title":"KNH nurse hospitalised after angry mother strangles her over son's death","author":"Ngasike","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib26","series-title":"Patient in custody after shooting nurse dead in Nairobi","author":"Cherono","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib27","series-title":"Nurse shot dead by patient at chiromo hospital","author":"Odenyo","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2013.01.010","article-title":"Nurse exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying, and sexual harassment: a quantitative review","volume":"51","author":"Spector","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hsag.2016.01.002","article-title":"Violence against nurses in the southern region of Malawi","volume":"21","author":"Banda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Sa Gesondheid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib30","first-page":"197","article-title":"A\u00a0survey of violence against staff working in the emergency department in ankara, Turkey","volume":"5","author":"Talas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib31","article-title":"Violence against women and girls in public road transport and connected spaces in Nairobi county, Kenya","author":"Wafula","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018774429","article-title":"Prevalence of workplace violence against health-care professionals in China: a comprehensive meta-analysis of observational surveys","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib33","series-title":"Gender based violence (GBV) in Kenya","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib34","series-title":"The sexual offences act (Number 3 of 2006)","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2017.01.008","article-title":"Workplace violence against women nurses working in two public sector hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"65","author":"Jafree","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npls.2016.09.001","article-title":"Workplace violence against nurses in the emergency departments of three hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"2","author":"Alyaemni","year":"2016","journal-title":"NursingPlus Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-245","article-title":"Workplace violence in a large correctional health service in New South Wales, Australia: a retrospective review of incident management records","volume":"12","author":"Cashmore","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib38","first-page":"792","article-title":"Violence towards emergency nurses: the 2016 Italian national survey-A cross-sectional study","volume":"27","author":"Ramacciati","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nurs Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013568","article-title":"Workplace violence against physicians in Turkey\u2019s emergency departments: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"7","author":"Bayram","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib40","series-title":"Prevalence, characteristics, and associated factors of workplace violence against healthcare professionals in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Hossain","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib41","series-title":"Professional image of nursing and midwifery in East Africa: an exploratory analysis","author":"Ndirangu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/08974454.2017.1372328","article-title":"\u201cIt happens all the time\u201d: women\u2019s experiences and normalization of sexual harassment in public space","volume":"28","author":"Mellgren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Women & Criminal Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4102\/hsag.v18i1.663","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 experiences and understanding of workplace violence in a trauma and emergency department in South Africa","volume":"18","author":"Kennedy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health SA Gesondheid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aenj.2015.03.006","article-title":"Nurses' attitudes towards the reporting of violence in the emergency department","volume":"19","author":"Hogarth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Australasian Emerg Nurs J: AENJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.23252.1","article-title":"Workplace violence against security personnel at a university hospital in Egypt: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Albadry","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000 Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.13075\/ijomeh.1896.01475","article-title":"Reporting of workplace violence towards nurses in 5 European countries\u2013a cross-sectional study","volume":"33","author":"Babiarczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230793","article-title":"Violence against Emergency Department nurses; Can we identify the perpetrators?","volume":"15","author":"Spelten","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15362","article-title":"I\u00a0do not even tell my partner: nurses\u2019 perceptions of verbal and physical violence against nurses working in a regional Hospital","author":"Dafny","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.O7001","article-title":"Workplace violence directed at nursing staff at a general hospital in southern Thailand","volume":"50","author":"Kamchuchat","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Occup Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3642408","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3642408","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of violence against hospital staff at amanuel mental specialized hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"2019","author":"Abate","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.43","article-title":"Sources, incidence and effects of non-physical workplace violence against nurses in Ghana","volume":"3","author":"Boafo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/nhs.12188","article-title":"Nursing management of aggression in a Singapore emergency department: a qualitative study","volume":"17","author":"Ramacciati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nurs and Health Sci"}],"container-title":["Safety and Health at Work"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2093791121000056?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2093791121000056?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T21:22:23Z","timestamp":1761859343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2093791121000056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2093791121000056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2093-7911"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2093-7911","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence and Effect of Workplace Violence against Emergency Nurses at a Tertiary Hospital in Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Safety and Health at Work","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}