{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:27:05Z","timestamp":1787239625381,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008464","name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008464","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Safety and Health at Work"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]],"date-time":"2024-10-19T07:14:49Z","timestamp":1729322089000},"page":"452-457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Examination of Stress Among Recruit and Incumbent Women Firefighters"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6350-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany S.","family":"Hollerbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6010-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nattinee","family":"Jitnarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria D.H.","family":"Koeppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4749-5302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Valenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"Beitel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8289-9253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaclyn M.","family":"Goodrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jefferey L.","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara A.","family":"Jahnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-162255","article-title":"Firefighting and mental health: experiences of repeated exposures to trauma","volume":"53","author":"Jahnke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib2","series-title":"The Ruderman white paper on mental health and suicide of first responders","author":"Heyman","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105312443402","article-title":"Mental health conditions, individual and job characteristics and sleep disturbances among firefighters","volume":"18","author":"Vargas de Barros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Health Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24834-x","article-title":"Mental health of UK firefighters","volume":"13","author":"Wolffe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12869","article-title":"Associations between sleep disturbances, mental health outcomes and burnout in firefighters, and the mediating role of sleep during overnight work: a cross-sectional study","volume":"28","author":"Wolkow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Sleep Research"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib6","first-page":"577","article-title":"PTSD symptoms and suicidal ideation in US female firefighters","volume":"69","author":"Noor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6740207","article-title":"The prevalence and health impacts of frequent work discrimination and harassment among women firefighters in the US fire service","author":"Jahnke","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib9","series-title":"Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2021 national survey on drug use and health","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib10","series-title":"National health and nutrition examination survey. Hyattsville, MD","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2017.07.003","article-title":"Alcohol use and problem drinking among women firefighters","volume":"27","author":"Haddock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Women's Health Issues"},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6437a3","article-title":"Alcohol use and binge drinking among women of childbearing age\u2014United States, 2011\u20132013","volume":"64","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib13","series-title":"Alcohol facts and statistics","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib14","first-page":"41","volume":"vol. 11","author":"Hollerbach","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib15","series-title":"Handbook of occupational health psychology","author":"Quick","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-07832-200410","article-title":"How does social support enhance resilience in the trauma-exposed individual?","volume":"20","author":"Sippel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecology and Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.748","article-title":"Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults","volume":"68","author":"Brewin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/15555240.2014.898568","article-title":"Behavioral health interventions in the fire service: stories from the firehouse","volume":"29","author":"Jahnke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1108\/IJES-08-2016-0015","article-title":"Recruit firefighters: personality and mental health","volume":"5","author":"Wagner","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Emergency Services"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1108\/IJES-01-2018-0005","article-title":"Recruit firefighters: a longitudinal investigation of mental health and work","volume":"9","author":"Wagner","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Emergency Services"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2010.519275","article-title":"Stress and coping strategies among firefighters and recruits","volume":"15","author":"Chamberlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Loss and Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-018-2468-3","article-title":"Maternal and child health among female firefighters in the US","volume":"22","author":"Jahnke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A\u00a0global measure of perceived stress","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000336","article-title":"Factor structure of the perceived stress scale-10 (PSS) across English and Spanish language responders in the HCHS\/SOL sociocultural ancillary study","volume":"29","author":"Perera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198807000-00006","article-title":"The duke-UNC functional social support questionnaire: measurement of social support in family medicine patients","author":"Broadhead","year":"1988","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib26","first-page":"613","article-title":"An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ\u20134","volume":"50","author":"Kroenke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C","article-title":"The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener","author":"Kroenke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection","volume":"146","author":"Kroenke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.04.005","article-title":"An abbreviated PTSD checklist for use as a screening instrument in primary care","volume":"43","author":"Lang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.02.003","article-title":"Abbreviated PTSD Checklist (PCL) as a guide to clinical response","volume":"34","author":"Lang","year":"2012","journal-title":"General Hospital Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-9-8","article-title":"A\u00a0methodological review of resilience measurements scales","volume":"9","author":"Windle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.147","article-title":"Obesity and injury-related absenteeism in a population-based firefighter cohort","volume":"19","author":"Poston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib33","series-title":"Norming the DEOMI organizational climate survey. FL: Defense equal opportunity institute","author":"Truhon","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-12-39","article-title":"The health of women in the US fire service","volume":"12","author":"Jahnke","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Women's Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib35","first-page":"8","article-title":"Health disparities among racial and ethnic minority firefighters","volume":"7","author":"Poston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib36","series-title":"Measures of quality of life, subjective well-being, and satisfaction with life","author":"Alfonso","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib37","series-title":"Geographic Levels 2021","year":"2021"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006","article-title":"Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness","volume":"45","author":"McLean","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib39","series-title":"How common is PTSD in adults 2023 [updated Februry 3","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22558","article-title":"Incidence rates of posttraumatic stress disorder over a 17-year period in active duty military service members","volume":"33","author":"Judkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib41","series-title":"1890 to 1940, and current population survey [internet]","year":"2023"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415615217","article-title":"The mental health of fire-fighters: an examination of the impact of repeated trauma exposure","volume":"50","author":"Harvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2014.938143","article-title":"Posttraumatic reactions among firefighters after critical incidents: cross-national data","volume":"23","author":"Kehl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.19030\/ajhs.v2i1.4365","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and coping among career professional firefighters","volume":"2","author":"Nydegger","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Health Sciences (AJHS)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib45","first-page":"1","article-title":"The generation gap revisited: generational differences in mental health, maladaptive coping behaviors, and pandemic-related concerns during the initial COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Grelle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Adult Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220001751","article-title":"Age differences in trajectories of depressive, anxiety, and burnout symptoms in a population with a high likelihood of persistent occupational distress","volume":"34","author":"Hybels","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860500409898","article-title":"Age differences in the presentation of anxiety","volume":"10","author":"Brenes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aging and Mental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib48","unstructured":"Cagle C, Piccardi, C., Carpenter, D., Black, D., Thill, J., Brown, K., Cox, K., Fonseca, M., Tamme, S., Wall, T., Takahashi, T. Guide for creating a diverse and inclusive department. International Association of Fire Chiefs; [n.d]. https:\/\/www.iafc.org\/docs\/default-source\/1vcos\/iafc-diversity-guide-ebook-final-08212020.pdf?utm_source=IAFC%20website&utm_medium=Resource&utm_campaign=Guide%20for%20Creating%20a%20Diverse%20and%20Inclusive%20Department."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib49","series-title":"Supporting Women in Fire and EMS: The USFA Commitment2023","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib50","unstructured":"International Association of Fire Fighters. Recruiting diverse first responders toolkit. N.d: International Association of Fire Fighters."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib51","article-title":"Welcome to the brotherhood: the perception of initiation and hazing rituals in the fire service","volume":"9","author":"von Thaden","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Humanities and Social Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000759","article-title":"Women firefighters and workplace harassment: associated suicidality and mental health sequelae","volume":"205","author":"Hom","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqu040","article-title":"Accuracy of self-reported weight, height and BMI in US firefighters","volume":"64","author":"Poston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine"}],"container-title":["Safety and Health at Work"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2093791124000751?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2093791124000751?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T07:22:19Z","timestamp":1733124139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2093791124000751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2093791124000751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2093-7911"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2093-7911","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Examination of Stress Among Recruit and Incumbent Women Firefighters","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Safety and Health at Work","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.10.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Institute, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}