{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T20:46:51Z","timestamp":1791751611864,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"NWO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["406.22.FHR.031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406.22.FHR.031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Studies in History and Philosophy of Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:18:50Z","timestamp":1791379130000},"page":"102248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Kant and the tradition of axiomatic chemistry"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6078-9558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hein","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1080\/09608788.2014.949217","article-title":"Modelling the history of ideas","volume":"22","author":"Betti","year":"2014","journal-title":"British Journal for the History of Philosophy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib2","series-title":"Reading kant's lectures","first-page":"484","article-title":"Kant's conception of chemistry in the danziger physik","author":"Blomme","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib3","series-title":"Perspectives on Kant's Opus postumum","first-page":"9","article-title":"Kant's paradoxical reception of lavoisier","author":"Blomme","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib4","series-title":"Critical guide to the metaphysical foundations of natural science","first-page":"36","article-title":"Kant's normative conception of science","author":"Breitenbach","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib5","series-title":"Kant's theory of science","author":"Brittan","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib6","series-title":"Zum korpuskularen Aufbau der Materie bei Stahl und Newton. Sudhoffs Archiv","author":"Carrier","year":"1986"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib7","first-page":"170","article-title":"Kants Theorie der Materie und ihre Wirkung auf die zeitgen\u00f6ssische Chemie","volume":"82","author":"Carrier","year":"1990","journal-title":"Kant-Studien"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib8","series-title":"Kant and the sciences","first-page":"205","article-title":"Kant's theory of matter and his views on chemistry","author":"Carrier","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2014.11.002","article-title":"The chemical revolution revisited","volume":"49","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Studies In History and Philosophy of Science Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib10","series-title":"The newtonian revolution","author":"Cohen","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib11","series-title":"I. Newton, the principia . Mathematical principles of natural philosophy. Translated","first-page":"3","article-title":"A guide to newton's principia","author":"Cohen","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib12","series-title":"Philosophical Writings of Etienne Bonnot, Abb\u00e9 de Condillac. trans. F. Philip & H. Lane","author":"Condillac","year":"1982"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-008-9417-4","article-title":"The classical model of science: A millennia-old model of scientific rationality","volume":"174","author":"De Jong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib14","series-title":"Anfangsgr\u00fcnde der Chemie. Wien: Trattuern","author":"Erxleben","year":"1785"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib15","series-title":"Kants kosmologie","author":"Falkenburg","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib16","series-title":"Kant and the exact sciences","author":"Friedman","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib17","series-title":"Kant's construction of Nature","author":"Friedman","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-025-05134-z","article-title":"Kant on particular chemical ideas","volume":"206","author":"Frketich","year":"2025","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"The key role of chemistry in schelling's early philosophy of Nature","author":"Garcia","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib20","series-title":"Systematisches Handbuch der gesammten Chemie. Halle: Waisenhaus","author":"Gren","year":"1794"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib21","series-title":"The Cambridge companion to Newton","first-page":"174","article-title":"Newton's argument for universal gravitation","author":"Harper","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10698-008-9044-7","article-title":"Thomas kuhn and the chemical revolution","volume":"10","author":"Hoyningen-Huene","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foundations of Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib23","series-title":"K\u00f6niglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften","author":"Kant","year":"1902"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib24","series-title":"Lectures on logic. Trans. Michael young","author":"Kant","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib25","series-title":"Critique of pure reason. Trans. Paul guyer and Allen wood","author":"Kant","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib26","series-title":"Metaphysical foundations of natural science. Trans. Michael friedman","author":"Kant","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib27","series-title":"Kant","author":"K\u00f6rner","year":"1955"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib28","series-title":"R\u00e9flexions sur le phlogistique, pour servir de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e0 la th\u00e9orie de la Combustion & de la Calcination, publi\u00e9e en 1777","author":"Lavoisier","year":"1777"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S136941541400017X","article-title":"Kant on chemistry and the application of mathematics in natural science","volume":"19","author":"McNulty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kantian Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2015.06.002","article-title":"Rehabilitating the regulative use of reason: Kant on empirical and chemical laws","volume":"54","author":"McNulty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Studies In History and Philosophy of Science Part A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib31","first-page":"64","article-title":"Chemistry in Kant's opus postumum","volume":"6","author":"McNulty","year":"2016","journal-title":"HOPOS: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1515\/kantyb-2017-0005","article-title":"What is chemistry, for Kant?","volume":"9","author":"McNulty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kant Yearbook"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1179\/amb.1983.30.3.121","article-title":"Theory or practice? The eighteenth-century debate on the scientific status of chemistry","volume":"30","author":"Meinel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ambix"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2307\/2108312","article-title":"Kant on the impossibility of the\" Soft Sciences\"","volume":"55","author":"Nayak","year":"1995","journal-title":"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1086\/368672","article-title":"Research traditions, Lavoisier, and the chemical revolution","volume":"4","author":"Perrin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Osiris"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1086\/368671","article-title":"The chemical revolution in the history of chemistry","volume":"4","author":"Siegfried","year":"1988","journal-title":"Osiris"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib37","series-title":"Philosophical principles of universal chemistry","author":"Stahl","year":"1730"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-009-9665-y","article-title":"Kant's conception of proper science","volume":"183","author":"Van den Berg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib39","series-title":"Kant on proper science. Biology in the critical philosophy and the Opus postumum. Dordrecht","author":"Van den Berg","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1017\/S1369415420000576","article-title":"Kant's ideal of systematicity in historical context","volume":"26","author":"Van den Berg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kantian Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s40656-023-00562-x","article-title":"The essentialism of early modern psychiatric nosology","volume":"45","author":"Van den Berg","year":"2023","journal-title":"History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib42","series-title":"Gabriele Gava, Thomas Sturm & Achim Vesper, Kant and the systematicity of the sciences","first-page":"173","article-title":"Systematicity, the life sciences, and the possibility of laws concerning life","author":"van den berg","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10739-020-09609-2","article-title":"Axiomatic natural philosophy and the emergence of biology as a science","volume":"53","author":"Van den Berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the History of Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1080\/09608788.2023.2291031","article-title":"Induction and certainty in the physics of wolff and crusius","volume":"32","author":"Van den Berg","year":"2024","journal-title":"British Journal for the History of Philosophy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib45","series-title":"The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert collaborative Translation project. Translated by Lauen Yoder","author":"Venel","year":"1753"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib46","series-title":"Kant on laws","author":"Watkins","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib47","series-title":"Grundri\u00df der reinen und angewandten Chemie","author":"Weigel","year":"1777"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248_bib48","series-title":"Handbuch der allgemeinen Chemie. Berlin und Stettin: Nicolai","author":"Wiegleb","year":"1781"}],"container-title":["Studies in History and Philosophy of Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039368126001342?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039368126001342?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T20:32:32Z","timestamp":1791750752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0039368126001342"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0039368126001342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-3681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-3681","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Kant and the tradition of axiomatic chemistry","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.shpsa.2026.102248","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102248"}}