{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T01:21:50Z","timestamp":1793409710387,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":725,"publisher":"Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Studies in Mycology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"abstract":"\n The airborne fungus\n Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n poses a serious health threat to humans by causing numerous invasive infections and a notable mortality in humans, especially in immunocompromised patients. Mould-active azoles are the frontline therapeutics employed to treat aspergillosis.\n The global emergence of azole-resistant\n A<\/jats:italic>\n .\n fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n isolates in clinic and environment, however, notoriously limits the therapeutic options of mould-active antifungals and potentially can be attributed to a mortality rate reaching up to 100\u00a0%. Although specific mutations\n in\n CYP<\/jats:italic>\n 51A<\/jats:italic>\n are the main cause of azole resistance, there is a new wave of azole-resistant isolates with wild-type\n CYP<\/jats:italic>\n 51A<\/jats:italic>\n genotype challenging the efficacy of the current diagnostic tools. Therefore, applications of whole-genome sequencing are increasingly gaining\n popularity to overcome such challenges. Prominent echinocandin tolerance, as well as liver and kidney toxicity posed by amphotericin B, necessitate a continuous quest for novel antifungal drugs to combat emerging azole-resistant\n A<\/jats:italic>\n .\n fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n isolates. Animal models and the tools\n used for genetic engineering require further refinement to facilitate a better understanding about the resistance mechanisms, virulence, and immune reactions orchestrated against\n A<\/jats:italic>\n .\n fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n . This review paper comprehensively discusses the current clinical challenges caused\n by\n A<\/jats:italic>\n .\n fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n and provides insights on how to address them.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simyco.2021.100115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T06:11:32Z","timestamp":1620627092000},"page":"100115-100115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":236,"title":["Aspergillus fumigatus<\/i>\n and aspergillosis: From basics to clinics"],"prefix":"10.3114","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Arastehfar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Houbraken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Garcia-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.D.","family":"Jenks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Rivero-Menendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Aljohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.D.","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Osherov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.T.","family":"Hedayati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ilkit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Armstrong-James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Gabald\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Meletiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kostrzewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Lass-Fl\u00f6rl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.S.","family":"Perlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hoenigl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1645","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.simyco.2021.100115_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02234","article-title":"Surveillance 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