{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:26:19Z","timestamp":1792661179880,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T16:29:55Z","timestamp":1172766595000},"page":"160-167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["Hepatitis B virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mei-Hwei","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra031087","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection natural history and clinical consequences","volume":"350","author":"Ganem","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890180402","article-title":"Baseline seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in children in Taipei, 1984: a study just before mass hepatitis B vaccination program in Taiwan","volume":"18","author":"Hsu","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114497","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in the rural community of Tip, Senegal","volume":"125","author":"Feret","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/317489a0","article-title":"The hepatitis B virus","volume":"37","author":"Tiollais","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92249-S","article-title":"Molecular virology and pathogenesis of hepatitis B","volume":"342","author":"Lau","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197504102921503","article-title":"Vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen in Taiwan","volume":"292","author":"Stevens","year":"1975","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199301000-00012","article-title":"Horizontal transmission of HBV in children","volume":"16","author":"Hsu","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(77)80499-X","article-title":"Hepatitis and pregnancy","volume":"91","author":"Hieber","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.2.198","article-title":"Incidence of hepatitis B virus infection in preschool children in Taiwan","volume":"146","author":"Beasley","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113532","article-title":"Incidence of hepatitis among students at a university in Taiwan","volume":"117","author":"Beasley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70272-0","article-title":"Hepatitis B surface antigenemia at birth: a long-term follow-up study","volume":"133","author":"Tang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80210-X","article-title":"Transplacental leakage of HbeAg-positive maternal blood as the most likely route in causing intrauterine infection with hepatitis B virus","volume":"111","author":"Lin","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150505","article-title":"Cellular immune response to hepatitis B core antigen in maternal infant transmission of hepatitis B virus","volume":"15","author":"Hsu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80261-7","article-title":"Acute hepatitis B in infants born to carrier mothers with the antibody to hepatitis B e antigen","volume":"97","author":"Shiraki","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20006","article-title":"Fulminant hepatic failure in children in endemic area of hepatitis B virus infection: 15years after universal hepatitis B vaccination","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80338-4","article-title":"Fulminant hepatitis in children in Taiwan: the important role of hepatitis B virus","volume":"111","author":"Chang","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90972-4","article-title":"Long-term outcome of chronic type B hepatitis in patients who acquire hepatitis B virus in infection in childhood","volume":"99","author":"Bortolotti","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(89)80836-4","article-title":"Factors affecting clearance of hepatitis B e antigen in hepatitis B surface antigen carrier children","volume":"115","author":"Chang","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199604000-00008","article-title":"Long-term persistence of hepatitis B virus DNA in the serum of children with chronic hepatitis B after hepatitis B e antigen to antibody seroconversion","volume":"22","author":"Bortolotti","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90972-4","article-title":"Long-term outcome of chronic type B hepatitis in patients who acquire hepatitis B virus infection in childhood","volume":"99","author":"Bortolotti","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21077","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis B in children after e antigen seroclearance: final report of a 29-year longitudinal study","volume":"43","author":"Bortolotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib22","first-page":"1387","article-title":"The significance of spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in childhood: with special emphasis on the clearance of HBeAg before three years of age","volume":"22","author":"Chang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2003.11.022","article-title":"The development of hepatocellular carcinoma among 426 prospectively followed children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"144","author":"Wen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19891201)64:11<2377::AID-CNCR2820641130>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Maternal transmission of hepatitis B virus in childhood hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"64","author":"Chang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.048","article-title":"Clinical relevance of hepatitis B virus genotype in children with chronic hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"127","author":"Ni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.260.15.2231","article-title":"Efficacy of a mass hepatitis B vaccination program in Taiwan: studies on 3464 infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-carrier mothers","volume":"260","author":"Hsu","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxj009","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection: epidemiology and vaccination","volume":"28","author":"Shepard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00216-4","article-title":"Impact of hepatitis B immunization as part of the EPI","volume":"19","author":"Poovorawan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib29","unstructured":"WHO. Report on the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Department of Vaccines and Biologicals. (Post-exposure immunization for hepatitis B). Geneva: WHO; www.who.immunization\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.276.11.906","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in children \u2013 ten years of mass vaccination in Taiwan","volume":"276","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-135-9-200111060-00009","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection in children and adolescents in a hyperendemic area: 15years after mass hepatitis B vaccination","volume":"135","author":"Ni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199706263362602","article-title":"Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children","volume":"336","author":"Chang","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7953","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-1095","article-title":"Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma by universal vaccination against hepatitis B virus: the effect and problems","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.116277","article-title":"Universal hepatitis B vaccination and the decreased mortality from fulminant hepatitis in infants in Taiwan","volume":"139","author":"Kao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.034223","article-title":"Survey of hepatitis B surface variant infection in children 15years after nationwide vaccination program in Taiwan","volume":"53","author":"Hsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300511","article-title":"Changes of hepatitis B surface variants in carrier children before and after universal vaccination in Taiwan","volume":"30","author":"Hsu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01134.x","article-title":"Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2005 update","volume":"25","author":"Liaw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2003.00440.x","article-title":"Lamivudine treatment during pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"10","author":"Van Zonneveld","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Viral Hepatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib39","first-page":"272A","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of lamivudine in late pregnancy for the prevention of mother-child transmission of hepatitis B: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.1.131","article-title":"Interferon alfa-2a therapy for chronic hepatitis B in children: a meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Torre","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91371-7","article-title":"Placebo-controlled trial of recombinant \u03b12-interferon in Chinese HBsAg-carrier children","volume":"17","author":"Lai","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840200203","article-title":"Recombinant interferon-2a hastens the rate of HBeAg clearance in children with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"20","author":"Barbera","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(95)80448-X","article-title":"Factors predictive of response to interferon therapy in children with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"22","author":"Ruiz-Moreno","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510230407","article-title":"Lymphoblastoid interferon alfa with or without steroid pretreatment in children with chronic hepatitis B: a multicenter controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Gregorio","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199603000-00010","article-title":"Prolonged and high dose recombinant interferon alpha-2b alone or after prednisone priming accelerates termination of active viral replication in children with chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"15","author":"Vajro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70318-X","article-title":"Interferon alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis B in children: a multinational randomized controlled trial","volume":"114","author":"Sokal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.1.131","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b1 therapy for chronic hepatitis B in children: a meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Torre","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.5.715","article-title":"Long term effect of alpha interferon in children with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"46","author":"Bortolotti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012452","article-title":"Clinical trial of lamivudine in children with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"346","author":"Jonas","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21020","article-title":"Long-term lamivudine therapy for children with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B","volume":"43","author":"Sokal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80191-8","article-title":"Drug therapy for chronic hepatitis B: antiviral efficacy and influence of hepatitis B virus polymerase mutations on the outcome of therapy","volume":"29","author":"Zoulin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1744165X07000145?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1744165X07000145?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]],"date-time":"2019-04-24T21:32:19Z","timestamp":1556141539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1744165X07000145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1744165X07000145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-165X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}}}