{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:24:36Z","timestamp":1791599076652,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","sfnmjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T02:18:41Z","timestamp":1603246721000},"page":"101160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal caffeine therapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Synnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth E.","family":"Grunau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib1","series-title":"Avery's neonatology: pathophysiology and management of the newborn","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Developmental outcome","author":"Synnes","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2018.05.002","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm children at school age and beyond","volume":"45","author":"Synnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.5323","article-title":"Cognitive outcomes of children born extremely or very preterm since the 1990s and associated risk factors: a meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"172","author":"Twilhaar","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24132","article-title":"Brain injury in premature neonates: a primary cerebral dysmaturation disorder?","volume":"75","author":"Back","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F235","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311228","article-title":"Determinants of developmental outcomes in a very preterm Canadian cohort","volume":"102","author":"Synnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa073679","article-title":"Long-term effects of caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity","volume":"357","author":"Schmidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3390\/children6110118","article-title":"Caffeine and clinical outcomes in premature neonates","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib8","first-page":"CD000140","article-title":"Methylxanthine treatment for apnoea in preterm infants","volume":"12","author":"Henderson-Smart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v4.i4.81","article-title":"Caffeine therapy in preterm infants","volume":"4","author":"Abdel-Hady","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Clin Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib10","first-page":"CD000273","article-title":"Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants","author":"Henderson-Smart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00330-2019","article-title":"Caffeine in preterm infants: where are we in 2020?","volume":"6","author":"Moschino","year":"2020","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.10.033","article-title":"Caffeine increases cerebral cortical activity in preterm infants","volume":"156","author":"Supcun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.978757","article-title":"Effect of caffeine on preterm infants' cerebral cortical activity: an observational study","volume":"28","author":"Hassanein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.596","article-title":"Caffeine preserves quiet sleep in preterm neonates","volume":"8","author":"Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201406-1092OC","article-title":"Long-term effects of caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity on sleep at school age","volume":"190","author":"Marcus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.784","article-title":"Caffeine impairs cerebral and intestinal blood flow velocity in preterm infants","volume":"109","author":"Hoecker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000014243","article-title":"Brain hemodynamic changes in preterm infants after maintenance dose caffeine and aminophylline treatment","volume":"78","author":"Dani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00012412","article-title":"Prevention of hyperoxia-mediated pulmonary inflammation in neonatal rats by caffeine","volume":"41","author":"Weichelt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib19","first-page":"1199","article-title":"A1 adenosine receptor activation induces ventriculomegaly and white matter loss","volume":"13","author":"Turner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31820efbcf","article-title":"Adverse and protective influences of adenosine on the newborn and embryo: implications for preterm white matter injury and embryo protection","volume":"69","author":"Rivkees","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21008","article-title":"Protective effects of caffeine on chronic hypoxia-induced perinatal white matter injury","volume":"60","author":"Back","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00990","article-title":"Impact of high-dose caffeine on the preterm ovine cerebrum and cerebellum","volume":"2","author":"Atik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010187","article-title":"Neuroprotection by caffeine in hyperoxia induced neonatal brain injury","volume":"18","author":"Endesfelder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.05.054","article-title":"Caffeine modulates CREB-dependent gene expression in developing cortical neurons","volume":"397","author":"Connolly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054065","article-title":"Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity","volume":"354","author":"Schmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.2024","article-title":"Survival without disability to age 5 years after neonatal caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity","volume":"307","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.04.016","article-title":"Reduction in developmental coordination disorder with neonatal caffeine therapy","volume":"165","author":"Doyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.0238","article-title":"Academic performance, motor function and behavior 11 years after neonatal caffeine citrate therapy for apnea of prematurity: an 11-year follow-up of the CAP randomized clinical trial","volume":"171","author":"Schmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-4047","article-title":"Neurobehavioral outcomes 11 Years after neonatal caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity","volume":"141","author":"Murner-Lavanchy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib30","first-page":"CD000139","article-title":"Prophylactic methylxanthines for endotracheal extubation in preterm infants","volume":"12","author":"Henderson-Smart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.20.7.644.35167","article-title":"Caffeine citrate for the treatment of apnea of prematurity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"20","author":"Erenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000097446","article-title":"Factors influencing apnea and bradycardia of prematurity- implications for neurodevelopment","volume":"91","author":"Pillekamp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.4371","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on intermittent hypoxia in infants born prematurely: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"168","author":"Rhein","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199902000-00001","article-title":"Cognitive performance at school age of very low birth weight infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"20","author":"Hughes","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.01.047","article-title":"Extremely low birthweight neonates with protracted ventilation: mortality and 18-month neurodevelopmental outcomes","volume":"146","author":"Walsh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22098","article-title":"Caffeine and brain development in very preterm infants","volume":"68","author":"Doyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.628","article-title":"Caffeine for apnea of prematurity and brain development at 11 years of age","volume":"5","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103495","article-title":"Early application of caffeine improves white matter development in very preterm infants","volume":"281","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib39","article-title":"The type and timing of patent ductus arteriosus treatment was associated with neurodevelopment when extremely preterm infants reached 6.5 years","author":"Gudmundsdottir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.07.067","article-title":"Prediction of late death or disability at age 5 Years using a count of 3 neonatal morbidities in very low birth weight infants","volume":"167","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.72","article-title":"A\u00a0pilot randomized trial of high-dose caffeine therapy in preterm infants","volume":"78","author":"McPherson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1089\/jcr.2016.0012","article-title":"Early high-dose caffeine increases seizure burden in extremely preterm neonates: a preliminary study","volume":"6","author":"Vesoulis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Caffeine Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F499","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2002.023432","article-title":"High dose caffeine citrate for extubation of preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"89","author":"Steer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2010.01943.x","article-title":"Caffeine citrate for very preterm infants: effect on development, temperament and behaviour","volume":"47","author":"Gray","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.09.069","article-title":"Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity trial: benefits may vary in subgroups","volume":"156","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib47","first-page":"CD000139","article-title":"Prophylactic methylxanthines for endotracheal extubation in preterm infants","volume":"12","author":"Henderson-Smart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.2223","article-title":"Association of early caffeine administration and neonatal outcomes in very preterm neonates","volume":"169","author":"Lodha","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1348","article-title":"Early caffeine administration and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants","volume":"143","author":"Lodha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.885941","article-title":"Early caffeine therapy for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants","volume":"27","author":"Taha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1744165X20300858?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1744165X20300858?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T18:44:26Z","timestamp":1761677066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1744165X20300858"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1744165X20300858"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-165X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal caffeine therapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101160","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101160"}}