{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T15:44:34Z","timestamp":1788795874711,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","sfnmjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T12:44:31Z","timestamp":1654260271000},"page":"101367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Pulmonary vasodilator strategies in neonates with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Cookson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven H.","family":"Abman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Kinsella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica W.","family":"Mandell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1953.sp004936","article-title":"Changes in the lungs of the new-born lamb","volume":"121","author":"Dawes","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1165","article-title":"Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in late preterm and term infants in California","volume":"139","author":"Steurer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F554","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313778","article-title":"Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in extremely preterm infants: a Japanese cohort study","volume":"103","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.26.3.289","article-title":"Circulatory changes during growth in the fetal lamb","volume":"26","author":"Rudolph","year":"1970","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.5.1068","article-title":"Role of the pulmonary circulation in the distribution of human fetal cardiac output during the second half of pregnancy","volume":"94","author":"Rasanen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.12.1662","article-title":"Cardiac output and central distribution of blood flow in the human fetus","volume":"103","author":"Mielke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.71.3.232","article-title":"Assessment of changes in blood flow through the lungs and foramen ovale in the normal human fetus with gestational age: a prospective Doppler echocardiographic study","volume":"71","author":"Sutton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib8","first-page":"663","article-title":"Reference ranges of blood flow in the major vessels of the normal human fetal circulation at term by phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"7","author":"Prsa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation: Cardiovasc Imag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2009","article-title":"Regulation of the pulmonary circulation in the fetus and newborn","volume":"90","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30039-3","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular biology during neonatal transition","volume":"26","author":"Lakshminrusimha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.3_Supplement.117S-a","article-title":"Acute and chronic fetal pulmonary hypertension alter pulmonary vasoreactivity","volume":"93","author":"Abman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib12","first-page":"H626","article-title":"Acute effects of partial compression of ductus arteriosus on fetal pulmonary circulation","volume":"257","author":"Abman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(86)90029-0","article-title":"Time-dependent response of fetal pulmonary blood flow to an increase in fetal oxygen tension","volume":"63","author":"Accurso","year":"1986","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199903000-00022","article-title":"In vivo evidence for a myogenic response in the fetal pulmonary circulation","volume":"45","author":"Storme","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib15","first-page":"L1013","article-title":"Chronic intrauterine pulmonary hypertension impairs endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the ovine fetus","volume":"272","author":"Villamor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114091","article-title":"Failure of postnatal adaptation of the pulmonary circulation after chronic intrauterine pulmonary hypertension in fetal lambs","volume":"83","author":"Abman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib17","first-page":"H1921","article-title":"Role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor during transition of pulmonary circulation at birth","volume":"259","author":"Abman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L535","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.1998.274.4.L535","article-title":"Increased lung preproET-1 and decreased ETB-receptor gene expression in fetal pulmonary hypertension","volume":"274","author":"Dunbar Ivy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-017-0670-2","article-title":"Changes in vasoactive pathways in congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated pulmonary hypertension explain unresponsiveness to pharmacotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Mous","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.02.040","article-title":"The left ventricle in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: implications for the management of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"197","author":"Kinsella","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.44","article-title":"Considerations in the management of hypoxemic respiratory failure and persistent pulmonary hypertension in term and late preterm neonates","volume":"36","author":"Lakshminrusimha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Perinatol : official journal of the California Perinatal Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib22","first-page":"717","article-title":"Clinical approach to inhaled nitric oxide therapy in the newborn with hypoxemia","volume":"136","author":"Kinsella","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1583","article-title":"Clinical utility of echocardiography for the diagnosis and management of pulmonary vascular disease in young children with chronic lung disease","volume":"121","author":"Mourani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.69.2.216","article-title":"Right heart pressure determination by Doppler in infants with tricuspid regurgitation","volume":"69","author":"Skinner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2013.09.016","article-title":"Doppler echocardiography inaccurately estimates right ventricular pressure in children with elevated right heart pressure","volume":"27","author":"Groh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(92)90102-D","article-title":"Cardiac performance in ECMO candidates: echocardiographic predictors for ECMO","volume":"27","author":"Kinsella","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev071","article-title":"Right ventricular echocardiographic indices predict poor outcomes in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"16","author":"Malowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-021-02677-z","article-title":"Echocardiographic parameters predictive of poor outcome in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN): preliminary results","volume":"42","author":"Breinig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(94)70374-4","article-title":"Prospective, randomized comparison of high-frequency oscillation and conventional ventilation in candidates for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"124","author":"Clark","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2009.07.025","article-title":"Preliminary observations of the use of high-frequency jet ventilation as rescue therapy in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"45","author":"Kuluz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8089","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.15.8089","article-title":"Oxygen causes fetal pulmonary vasodilation through activation of a calcium-dependent potassium channel","volume":"93","author":"Cornfield","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-500-2_13","article-title":"Developmental regulation of oxygen sensing and ion channels in the pulmonary vasculature","volume":"661","author":"Cornfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.161463","article-title":"Hyperoxia increases phosphodiesterase 5 expression and activity in ovine fetal pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells","volume":"102","author":"Farrow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.83.6.2038","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide. A selective pulmonary vasodilator reversing hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction","volume":"83","author":"Frostell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2003.140","article-title":"Noninvasive delivery of inhaled nitric oxide therapy for late pulmonary hypertension in newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"142","author":"Kinsella","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000329","article-title":"Pediatric pulmonary hypertension: guidelines from the American heart association and American thoracic society","volume":"132","author":"Abman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002173420704","article-title":"Low-dose nitric oxide therapy for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Clinical Inhaled Nitric Oxide Research Group","volume":"342","author":"Clark","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199702273360901","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide in full-term and nearly full-term infants with hypoxic respiratory failure","volume":"336","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.3.559","article-title":"A randomized trial of early versus standard inhaled nitric oxide therapy in term and near-term newborn infants with hypoxic respiratory failure","volume":"113","author":"Konduri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03548-0","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension","volume":"357","author":"Tworetzky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib41","first-page":"L931","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary hypertension increases fetal lung cGMP phosphodiesterase activity","volume":"275","author":"Hanson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L109","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00309.2009","article-title":"SOD and inhaled nitric oxide normalize phosphodiesterase 5 expression and activity in neonatal lambs with persistent pulmonary hypertension","volume":"299","author":"Farrow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.161463","article-title":"Hyperoxia increases phosphodiesterase 5 expression and activity in ovine fetal pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells","volume":"102","author":"Farrow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4184","article-title":"Brief hyperoxia increases mitochondrial oxidation and increases phosphodiesterase 5 activity in fetal pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells","volume":"17","author":"Farrow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxidants Redox Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0523","article-title":"Oral sildenafil in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a pilot randomized blinded study","volume":"117","author":"Baquero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.06.012","article-title":"Intravenous sildenafil in the treatment of neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension","volume":"155","author":"Steinhorn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.05.051","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of IV sildenafil in the treatment of newborn infants with, or at risk of, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN): a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"237","author":"Pierce","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.09.021","article-title":"Effects of long-term sildenafil treatment for pulmonary hypertension in infants with chronic lung disease","volume":"154","author":"Mourani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000244401.53189.CB","article-title":"Abnormal vascular tone in infants and children with lung hypoplasia: findings from cardiac catheterization and the response to chronic therapy","volume":"7","author":"Keller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2001.00318.x","article-title":"Identification of the cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the N-demethylation of sildenafil","volume":"51","author":"Hyland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F109","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.168336","article-title":"Sildenafil exposure in neonates with pulmonary hypertension after administration via a nasogastric tube","volume":"95","author":"Ahsman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11038-6","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetic analysis of sildenafil in term and preterm infants with pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Rhee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02767-1","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic modeling of intravenous sildenafil in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"76","author":"Cochius-den Otter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14111","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in extremely premature infants","volume":"85","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2008.177","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in term neonates: evidence of rapid maturation of metabolic clearance in the early postnatal period","volume":"85","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181bce574","article-title":"Regulation of phosphodiesterase 3 in the pulmonary arteries during the perinatal period in sheep","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198913040-00004","article-title":"Phosphodiesterase isozyme inhibition, activation of the cAMP system, and positive inotropy mediated by milrinone in isolated Guinea pig cardiac muscle","volume":"13","author":"Silver","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951114002698","article-title":"The effect of milrinone on right and left ventricular function when used as a rescue therapy for term infants with pulmonary hypertension","volume":"26","author":"James","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199511000-00018","article-title":"Milrinone: systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic effects in neonates after cardiac surgery","volume":"23","author":"Chang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2006.01.001","article-title":"Milrinone improves oxygenation in neonates with severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"21","author":"McNamara","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e31824ea2cd","article-title":"Pharmacology of milrinone in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and suboptimal response to inhaled nitric oxide","volume":"14","author":"McNamara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F204","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.092817","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics and dosing regimen design of milrinone in preterm infants","volume":"92","author":"Paradisis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000198626.67391.34","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of milrinone in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome undergoing stage I reconstruction","volume":"102","author":"Zuppa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOPA.0000029488.45177.48","article-title":"A population pharmacokinetic analysis of milrinone in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery","volume":"31","author":"Bailey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1597996","article-title":"Milrinone pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"34","author":"Giaccone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01049-y","article-title":"Hemodynamic response to milrinone for refractory hypoxemia during therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"41","author":"Bischoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81552-5","article-title":"Elevated immunoreactive endothelin-1 levels in newborn infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension","volume":"123","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib68","first-page":"L535","article-title":"Increased lung preproET-1 and decreased ETB-receptor gene expression in fetal pulmonary hypertension","volume":"274","author":"Ivy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119274","article-title":"Prolonged endothelin A receptor blockade attenuates chronic pulmonary hypertension in the ovine fetus","volume":"99","author":"Ivy","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199603000-00010","article-title":"Chronic intrauterine pulmonary hypertension alters endothelin receptor activity in the ovine fetal lung","volume":"39","author":"Ivy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000329","article-title":"Pediatric pulmonary hypertension: guidelines from the American heart association and American thoracic society","volume":"132","author":"Abman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2011.157","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective study of bosentan for the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"32","author":"Mohamed","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.06.078","article-title":"Bosentan as adjunctive therapy for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: results of the randomized multicenter placebo-controlled exploratory trial","volume":"177","author":"Steinhorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(03)00005-5","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of bosentan in pediatric patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"73","author":"Barst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2009.03532.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and clinical profile of a novel formulation of bosentan in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension: the FUTURE-1 study","volume":"68","author":"Beghetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-007-0408-z","article-title":"Mutual pharmacokinetic interactions between steady-state bosentan and sildenafil","volume":"64","author":"Burgess","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0179-7","article-title":"Intravenous epoprostenol improves oxygenation index in patients with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn refractory to nitric oxide","volume":"38","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F214","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.71.3.F214","article-title":"Aerosolised prostacyclin for pulmonary hypertension in neonates","volume":"71","author":"Bindl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050498","article-title":"Improvement of oxygenation induced by aerosolized prostacyclin in a preterm infant with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"23","author":"Soditt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.129849","article-title":"Inhaled prostacyclin for term infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension refractory to inhaled nitric oxide","volume":"141","author":"Kelly","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib81","first-page":"H1483","article-title":"Disruption of cGMP production in pulmonary arteries isolated from fetal lambs with pulmonary hypertension","volume":"268","author":"Steinhorn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L755","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00138.2010","article-title":"Cinaciguat, a soluble guanylate cyclase activator, augments cGMP after oxidative stress and causes pulmonary vasodilation in neonatal pulmonary hypertension","volume":"301","author":"Chester","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L318","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00062.2009","article-title":"Cinaciguat, a soluble guanylate cyclase activator, causes potent and sustained pulmonary vasodilation in the ovine fetus","volume":"297","author":"Chester","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2045893217743123","article-title":"First\u2010in\u2010child use of the oral soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator riociguat in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"8","author":"Spreemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pulm Circ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.49","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide use in preterm infants in California neonatal intensive care units","volume":"36","author":"Handley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01252-x","article-title":"Use of inhaled nitric oxide in preterm vs term\/near-term neonates with pulmonary hypertension: results of the PaTTerN registry study","volume":"42","author":"Nelin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2725","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants: an individual-patient data meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"128","author":"Askie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000329","article-title":"Pediatric pulmonary hypertension","volume":"132","author":"Abman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.11.050","article-title":"Recommendations for the use of inhaled nitric oxide therapy in premature newborns with severe pulmonary hypertension","volume":"170","author":"Kinsella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)03558-8","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide in premature neonates with severe hypoxaemic respiratory failure: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"354","author":"Kinsella","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060442","article-title":"Early inhaled nitric oxide therapy in premature newborns with respiratory failure","volume":"355","author":"Kinsella","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1744165X22000464?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1744165X22000464?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T18:47:05Z","timestamp":1761677225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1744165X22000464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1744165X22000464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-165X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pulmonary vasodilator strategies in neonates with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101367","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101367"}}