{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:53:43Z","timestamp":1790258023411,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","sfnmjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T16:54:10Z","timestamp":1678208050000},"page":"101426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Pregnancy and Severe ARDS with COVID-19: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Outcomes and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Michelle J.","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satyan","family":"Lakshminrusimha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman","family":"Hedriana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Albertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0069-0","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Matthay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03240-7","article-title":"Incidence of ARDS and outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a global literature survey","volume":"24","author":"Tzotzos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100107","article-title":"Outcome of coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Di Mascio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000996","article-title":"Pregnancy-related mortality resulting from influenza in the United States during the 2009-2010 pandemic","volume":"126","author":"Callaghan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.479","article-title":"Pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus illness among pregnant women in the United States","volume":"303","author":"Siston","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.572567","article-title":"Innate immune responses to acute viral infection during pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Cornish","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12355","article-title":"Viral infections during pregnancy","volume":"73","author":"Silasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00836.x","article-title":"The immune system in pregnancy: a unique complexity","volume":"63","author":"Mor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050333","article-title":"Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury","volume":"353","author":"Rubenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0291","article-title":"Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries","volume":"315","author":"Bellani","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202009-3629ED","article-title":"Biological mechanisms of COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"202","author":"Matthay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib12","first-page":"760","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome in pregnancy and the puerperium: causes, courses, and outcomes","volume":"97","author":"Catanzarite","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2388","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of obstetric patients requiring ICU admission","volume":"131","author":"Vasquez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)80018-4","article-title":"Adult respiratory distress syndrome in pregnancy","volume":"167","author":"Mabie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199805000-00006","article-title":"Maternal mortality associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Perry","year":"1998","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001907","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome in pregnant women","volume":"129","author":"Rush","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.12.033","article-title":"2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in pregnancy: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"205","author":"Mosby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/FM9.0000000000000071","article-title":"Human coronavirus infections and pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern Fetal Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.29256","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes among women with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection","volume":"3","author":"Adhikari","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m2107","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2107","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK: national population based cohort study","volume":"369","author":"Knight","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3320","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3320","article-title":"Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"370","author":"Allotey","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.07.045","article-title":"Are clinical outcomes worse for pregnant women at \u226520 weeks' gestation infected with coronavirus disease 2019? A multicenter case-control study with propensity score matching","volume":"223","author":"Badr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib23","article-title":"Disease severity, pregnancy outcomes, and maternal deaths among pregnant patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in Washington State","volume":"225","author":"Lokken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6944e3","article-title":"Update: characteristics of symptomatic women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status - United States, january 22-october 3, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Zambrano","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.1050","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality among pregnant women with and without COVID-19 infection: the INTERCOVID multinational cohort study","volume":"175","author":"Villar","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2208","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 and comparison with control patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Jafari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.05018","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of data on pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19: clinical presentation, and pregnancy and perinatal outcomes based on COVID-19 severity","volume":"11","author":"Lassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab432","volume":"73","author":"Galang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8870129","article-title":"Effect of COVID-19 on mortality of pregnant and postpartum women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2021","author":"Karimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pregnancy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.07.008","article-title":"Maternal COVID-19 infection, clinical characteristics, pregnancy, and neonatal outcome: a prospective cohort study","volume":"252","author":"Antoun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0364","article-title":"COVID-19 during pregnancy: an overview of maternal characteristics, clinical symptoms, maternal and neonatal outcomes of 10,996 cases described in 15 countries","volume":"48","author":"Figueiro-Filho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E540","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.202604","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"193","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"CMAJ (Can Med Assoc J)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100134","article-title":"Clinical course of severe and critical coronavirus disease 2019 in hospitalized pregnancies: a United States cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Pierce-Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06833-8","article-title":"Management and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to intensive care unit for severe pneumonia related to SARS-CoV-2 infection: the multicenter and international COVIDPREG study","volume":"48","author":"P\u00e9ju","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.5906","article-title":"Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy with maternal and perinatal outcomes","volume":"327","author":"McClymont","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.09.008","article-title":"Increasing severity of COVID-19 in pregnancy with Delta (B.1.617.2) variant surge","volume":"226","author":"Adhikari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007","article-title":"Microbial vertical transmission during human pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Arora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13182","article-title":"A systematic scoping review of COVID-19 during pregnancy and childbirth","volume":"150","author":"Elshafeey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2020-0901-SA","article-title":"An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"144","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1953","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90592.2008","article-title":"ACE2 expression and activity are enhanced during pregnancy","volume":"295","author":"Levy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.08.015","article-title":"Consistent localization of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and ACE2 over TMPRSS2 predominance in placental villi of 15 COVID-19 positive maternal-fetal dyads","volume":"100","author":"Taglauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298.e291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.055","volume":"224","author":"Bloise","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa089","article-title":"Placental pathology in COVID-19","volume":"154","author":"Shanes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13332","article-title":"Severity of COVID-19 in pregnancy: a review of current evidence","volume":"84","author":"Kucirka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.4298","article-title":"Outcomes of neonates born to mothers with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection at a large medical center in New York city","volume":"175","author":"Dumitriu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00024.2020","article-title":"Pregnancy and COVID-19","volume":"101","author":"Wastnedge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.5775","article-title":"Association of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy with neonatal outcomes","volume":"325","author":"Norman","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7511","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)90168-7","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress in adults","volume":"2","author":"Ashbaugh","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01704707","article-title":"Report of the American-European consensus conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes and clinical trial coordination. The Consensus Committee","volume":"20","author":"Bernard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib50","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition","volume":"307","author":"Ranieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S269","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000182478.14181.DA","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome in pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Cole","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004339","article-title":"Disease severity and perinatal outcomes of pregnant patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"137","author":"Metz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003929","article-title":"Early acute respiratory support for pregnant patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection","volume":"136","author":"Pacheco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib54","first-page":"508","article-title":"Adult respiratory distress syndrome during pregnancy and immediately postpartum","volume":"153","author":"Smith","year":"1990","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000350","article-title":"Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: consensus recommendations from the pediatric acute lung injury consensus conference","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2015.08.001","article-title":"Respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation in the pregnant patient","volume":"32","author":"Schwaiberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-199706000-00023","article-title":"Adult respiratory distress syndrome in pregnancy: report of three cases and review of the literature","volume":"52","author":"Catanzarite","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00065","article-title":"Physiologic and pharmacokinetic changes in pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Costantine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2017.04.035","article-title":"Dyspnea in pregnancy","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196507000-00003","article-title":"Respiratory and acid-base changes during pregnancy","volume":"26","author":"Prowse","year":"1965","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.931922","article-title":"Regulation of fetoplacental vascular bed by hypoxia","volume":"58","author":"Hampl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2010.11.007","article-title":"Fetal oxygenation and maternal ventilation","volume":"32","author":"Meschia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)32989-1","article-title":"Blood flow to fetal organs as a function of arterial oxygen content","volume":"135","author":"Peeters","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2454","article-title":"Distinct molecular phenotypes of direct vs indirect ARDS in single-center and multicenter studies","volume":"147","author":"Calfee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-030212-183756","article-title":"Regulation and repair of the alveolar-capillary barrier in acute lung injury","volume":"75","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)00143-X","article-title":"Structural alterations of lung parenchyma in the adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Bachofen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60331","article-title":"The acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"122","author":"Matthay","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(79)90066-4","article-title":"The value of edema fluid protein measurement in patients with pulmonary edema","volume":"67","author":"Fein","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1608077","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"377","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119259","article-title":"Injurious ventilatory strategies increase cytokines and c-fos m-RNA expression in an isolated rat lung model","volume":"99","author":"Tremblay","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.2.2108087","article-title":"Low tidal volume reduces epithelial and endothelial injury in acid-injured rat lungs","volume":"165","author":"Frank","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318207ec3c","article-title":"National Heart bo, and lung Institute acute respiratory distress syndrome Network: use of risk reclassification with multiple biomarkers improves mortality prediction in acute lung injury","volume":"39","author":"Calfee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201512-2544CP","article-title":"Toward smarter lumping and smarter splitting: rethinking strategies for sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome clinical trial design","volume":"194","author":"Prescott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00103-20","article-title":"Viral respiratory pathogens and lung injury","volume":"34","author":"Clementi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-020-00310-8","article-title":"Autopsy findings in COVID-19-related deaths: a literature review","volume":"17","author":"Maiese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106239","article-title":"Pulmonary pathology of ARDS in COVID-19: a pathological review for clinicians","volume":"176","author":"Batah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02953-z","article-title":"Advanced respiratory monitoring in COVID-19 patients: use less PEEP!","volume":"24","author":"Roesthuis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0817LE","article-title":"COVID-19 does not lead to a \"typical\" acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"201","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06033-2","article-title":"COVID-19 pneumonia: different respiratory treatments for different phenotypes?","volume":"46","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30370-2","article-title":"Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre prospective observational study","volume":"8","author":"Grasselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n436","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n436","article-title":"Severe covid-19 pneumonia: pathogenesis and clinical management","volume":"372","author":"Attaway","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50674","article-title":"COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): clinical features and differences from typical pre-COVID-19 ARDS","volume":"213","author":"Gibson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E46","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200823","article-title":"Performance of radiologists in differentiating COVID-19 from non-COVID-19 viral pneumonia at chest CT","volume":"296","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13304","article-title":"COVID-19 and Treg\/Th17 imbalance: potential relationship to pregnancy outcomes","volume":"84","author":"Muyayalo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.05.059","article-title":"Ultrafine particles in the airway aggravated experimental lung injury through impairment in Treg function","volume":"478","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01545","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and acute lung injury: cytokines, uncontrolled inflammation, and therapeutic implications","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2012.01115.x","article-title":"The balance of the immune system between T cells and NK cells in miscarriage","volume":"67","author":"Nakashima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2012.01.006","article-title":"The predominance of Th17 lymphocytes and decreased number and function of Treg cells in preeclampsia","volume":"93","author":"Darmochwal-Kolarz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.54","article-title":"TH17 cells in human recurrent pregnancy loss and pre-eclampsia","volume":"11","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2012.01176.x","article-title":"Human seminal plasma fosters CD4(+) regulatory T-cell phenotype and transforming growth factor-\u03b21 expression","volume":"68","author":"Balandya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2004000800017","article-title":"Enhanced expression of Ang-(1-7) during pregnancy","volume":"37","author":"Brosnihan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1125","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00129.2016","article-title":"The enigma of continual plasma volume expansion in pregnancy: critical role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system","volume":"311","author":"West","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:18:3:239","article-title":"Angiotensin-(1-7) in normal and preeclamptic pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Merrill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-0485-4","article-title":"Structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: potential antivirus drug development for COVID-19","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01248-09","article-title":"Differential downregulation of ACE2 by the spike proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and human coronavirus NL63","volume":"84","author":"Glowacka","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210284","article-title":"Role of ACE2 in pregnancy and potential implications for COVID-19 susceptibility","volume":"135","author":"Azinheira Nobrega Cruz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.05.011","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 during pregnancy: a multidisciplinary review","volume":"95","author":"Narang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2281","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00618.2005","article-title":"Advances in biochemical and functional roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin-(1-7) in regulation of cardiovascular function","volume":"289","author":"Ferrario","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"10234","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0836-4","article-title":"The complement alternative pathway and preeclampsia","volume":"20","author":"Alrahmani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0320-7","article-title":"Complement as a target in COVID-19?","volume":"20","author":"Risitano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-014-3288-6","article-title":"Clinical trials in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome: burn after reading","volume":"40","author":"Villar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801","article-title":"Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"342","author":"Brower","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005372","article-title":"Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"363","author":"Papazian","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214103","article-title":"Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"368","author":"Gu\u00e9rin","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.11.983","article-title":"Plasma surfactant protein levels and clinical outcomes in patients with acute lung injury","volume":"58","author":"Eisner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000149854.61192.DC","article-title":"Network NARDSCT: lower tidal volume ventilation and plasma cytokine markers of inflammation in patients with acute lung injury","volume":"33","author":"Parsons","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.1.54","article-title":"Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"282","author":"Ranieri","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052052","article-title":"Lung recruitment in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"354","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-2627-z","article-title":"The concept of \"baby lung\"","volume":"31","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.5.16353","article-title":"Implications for the pregnant patient","volume":"163","author":"Campbell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713121","article-title":"Putting it all together: clinical considerations in the care of critically ill obstetric patients with COVID-19","volume":"37","author":"Oxford-Horrey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib113","series-title":"SMFM COVID Management of COVID pos preg patients 2-2-21 (final)","article-title":"Force SC-T: society for maternal-fetal medicine management considerations for pregnant patients with COVID-19","author":"Halscott Tm","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib114","series-title":"NIH COVID-19 treatment guidelines: special considerations in pregnancy","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.008615","article-title":"Respiratory physiology of pregnancy: physiology masterclass","volume":"11","author":"LoMauro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breathe"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.96.2.381","article-title":"Dyspnea in pregnancy","volume":"96","author":"Tenholder","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib117","first-page":"177","article-title":"Physiology and disease of the respiratory system in pregnancy. A review","volume":"22","author":"Fishburne","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/48.10.1001","article-title":"Maternal blood-gases, PAo2--Pao2), hysiological shunt and VD\/VT in normal pregnancy","volume":"48","author":"Templeton","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib119","first-page":"S43","article-title":"Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood in normal pregnant women in Dhaka city","volume":"17","author":"Sunyal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mymensingh Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S1068-607X(98)00042-0","article-title":"Normative oxygen saturation values for pregnant women at sea level","volume":"5","author":"Richlin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prim Care Update OB\/GYNS"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218277","article-title":"Guidelines for pregnancy management during the COVID-19 pandemic: a public health conundrum","volume":"17","author":"Benski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib122","article-title":"MFM guidance for COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Boelig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.01.001","article-title":"Physiological mechanisms of hyperventilation during human pregnancy","volume":"161","author":"Jensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib124","first-page":"1","article-title":"Respiratory physiologic changes in pregnancy","volume":"26","author":"Wise","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol Allergy Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032193","article-title":"National Heart Ln, and Blood Institute ARDS Clinical Trials Network: higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"351","author":"Brower","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.6.637","article-title":"Ventilation strategy using low tidal volumes, recruitment maneuvers, and high positive end-expiratory pressure for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"299","author":"Meade","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.6.646","article-title":"Positive end-expiratory pressure setting in adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"299","author":"Mercat","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.218","article-title":"Higher vs lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"303","author":"Briel","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03477-w","article-title":"Computed tomography assessment of PEEP-induced alveolar recruitment in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"25","author":"Ball","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03839-4","article-title":"Positive end-expiratory pressure in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome: the heterogeneous effects","volume":"25","author":"Chiumello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/JPN.0000000000000621","article-title":"Acute respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation in women with COVID-19 during pregnancy: best clinical practices","volume":"36","author":"Troiano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Perinat Neonatal Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib132","first-page":"399","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation during pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Troiano","year":"1992","journal-title":"NAACOGS Clin Issues Perinat Womens Health Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13895","article-title":"Fetal outcome in the critically ill pregnant woman","volume":"18","author":"Aoyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06299-6","article-title":"Current and evolving standards of care for patients with ARDS","volume":"46","author":"Menk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"9678","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60658-9","article-title":"Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"373","author":"Schweickert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1753","article-title":"Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"291","author":"Ely","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201606-1306OC","article-title":"Noninvasive ventilation of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Insights from the LUNG SAFE study","volume":"195","author":"Bellani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503326","article-title":"High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure","volume":"372","author":"Frat","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202008-1080OC","article-title":"Noninvasive ventilatory support of patients with COVID-19 outside the intensive care units (WARd-COVID)","volume":"18","author":"Bellani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"10 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S259","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000183502.45419.C9","article-title":"Airway problems in pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Munnur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00585-1","article-title":"Does delivery improve maternal condition in the respiratory-compromised gravida?","volume":"91","author":"Tomlinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-1081CP","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation to minimize progression of lung injury in acute respiratory failure","volume":"195","author":"Brochard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4423-3","article-title":"Quantifying unintended exposure to high tidal volumes from breath stacking dyssynchrony in ARDS: the BREATHE criteria","volume":"42","author":"Beitler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901686","article-title":"Early neuromuscular blockade in the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"380","author":"Moss","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199834060-00004","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of neuromuscular relaxants in pregnancy","volume":"34","author":"Guay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/52.5.531","article-title":"Pancuronium in caesarean section and its placental transfer","volume":"52","author":"Abouleish","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1978.tb01307.x","article-title":"The placental transfer of pancuronium and its pharmacokinetics during caesarian section","volume":"22","author":"Duvaldestin","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198406000-00009","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, placental transfer, and neonatal effects of vecuronium and pancuronium administered during cesarean section","volume":"60","author":"Dailey","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"240","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.45.240.277","article-title":"Arthrogryposis following treatment of maternal tetanus with muscle relaxants","volume":"45","author":"Jago","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000064","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation during pregnancy: sedation, analgesia, and paralysis","volume":"57","author":"Pacheco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e303","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003241","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin No. 211: critical care in pregnancy","volume":"133","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23116","article-title":"Pregnancy and COVID-19: pharmacologic considerations","volume":"57","author":"D'Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.7993","article-title":"Effect of awake prone positioning on endotracheal intubation in patients with COVID-19 and acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"327","author":"Alhazzani","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib154","first-page":"780","article-title":"Prone ventilation in intubated COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Chua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz J Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004012","article-title":"Prone positioning for pregnant women with hypoxemia due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"136","author":"Tolcher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3494","DOI":"10.1590\/1518-8345.5181.3494","article-title":"Use of the prone position in pregnant women with COVID-19 or other health conditions","volume":"29","author":"Cavalcante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Lat Am Enfermagem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-2073-x","article-title":"The prone position in healthy pregnant women and in women with preeclampsia - a pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Dennis","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9043","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.2013464","article-title":"Proning modus operandi in pregnancies complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to COVID-19","volume":"35","author":"Cojocaru","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2021.103236","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation and prone positioning in pregnant patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: experience at a quaternary referral center","volume":"49","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062200","article-title":"National Heart ln, and blood Institute acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) clinical trials Network: comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury","volume":"354","author":"Wiedemann","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2015.04.005","article-title":"Respiratory disease in pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra051884","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide therapy in adults","volume":"353","author":"Griffiths","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.13.1603","article-title":"Group INOiAS: low-dose inhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute lung injury: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"291","author":"Taylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004128","article-title":"High concentrations of nitric oxide inhalation therapy in pregnant patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"136","author":"Safaee Fakhr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.08.007","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19","volume":"60","author":"Ferrari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03222-9","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide in patients admitted to intensive care unit with COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"24","author":"Tavazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03371-x","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide for critically ill Covid-19 patients: a prospective study","volume":"24","author":"Abou-Arab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib168","first-page":"895","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide for primary pulmonary hypertension in pregnancy","volume":"98","author":"Lam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70151-1","article-title":"Favorable response of Eisenmenger syndrome to inhaled nitric oxide during pregnancy","volume":"180","author":"Goodwin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-1329","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy : a cohort study","volume":"175","author":"McCreary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1744165X23000021?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1744165X23000021?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T18:47:09Z","timestamp":1761677229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1744165X23000021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":170,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1744165X23000021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-165X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pregnancy and Severe ARDS with COVID-19: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Outcomes and Treatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101426","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101426"}}