{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:44:30Z","timestamp":1793227470661,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","sfnmjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T07:42:57Z","timestamp":1758786177000},"page":"101668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Probiotic supplementation \u2013 does it prevent or cause neonatal sepsis?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3750-5566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Embleton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5494-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris H.P.","family":"van den Akker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6080-6888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belal N.","family":"Alshaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198611000-00013","article-title":"Lack of effect of lactobacillus on gastrointestinal bacterial colonization in premature infants","volume":"5","author":"Reuman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib2","volume":"vol. 3","author":"Hoyos","year":"1999"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002655","article-title":"Probiotics and preterm infants: a position paper by the European society for paediatric gastroenterology hepatology and nutrition committee on nutrition and the European society for paediatric gastroenterology hepatology and nutrition working group for Pr","volume":"70","author":"van den Akker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.096","article-title":"Probiotics reduce mortality and morbidity in preterm, low-birth-weight infants: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"159","author":"Morgan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-051485","article-title":"Use of probiotics in preterm infants","volume":"147","author":"Poindexter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib6","article-title":"Probiotics for preterm infants and the recent FDA alert in the USA","author":"Embleton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/children6120131","article-title":"Short-and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of very preterm infants with neonatal sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1816654","article-title":"Controlled trial of two incremental milk-feeding rates in preterm infants","volume":"381","author":"Dorling","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bifidobacterium breve BBG-001 in very preterm infants : a randomised controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"6736","author":"Costeloe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F298","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302119","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal viability in the preterm gut: NEC and sepsis","volume":"98","author":"Stewart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073465","article-title":"Development of the preterm gut microbiome in twins at risk of necrotising enterocolitis and sepsis","volume":"8","author":"Stewart","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0295-1","article-title":"Longitudinal development of the gut microbiome and metabolome in preterm neonates with late onset sepsis and healthy controls","volume":"5","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2016.06.002","article-title":"Gut bacteria and late-onset neonatal bloodstream infections in preterm infants","volume":"21","author":"Tarr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu084","article-title":"Sepsis from the gut: the enteric habitat of bacteria that cause late-onset neonatal bloodstream infections","volume":"58","author":"Carl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human milk oligosaccharide DSLNT and gut microbiome in preterm infants predicts necrotising enterocolitis","author":"Masi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2201160","article-title":"Probiotics to improve the gut microbiome in premature infants: are we there yet?","volume":"15","author":"Mercer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib17","article-title":"Probiotics for preventing late-onset sepsis in preterm neonates a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (United States)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.125870","article-title":"Role of enteric supplementation of probiotics on late-onset sepsis by candida species in preterm low birth weight neonates: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Roy","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-069102","article-title":"Effectiveness and risks of probiotics in preterm infants","volume":"155","author":"Alshaikh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F336","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-321429","article-title":"Discriminating necrotising enterocolitis and focal intestinal perforation","volume":"107","author":"Berrington","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.724280","article-title":"Time of onset of necrotizing enterocolitis and focal perforation in preterm infants: impact on clinical, surgical, and histological features","volume":"9","author":"Berrington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070638","article-title":"Age of onset of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and focal intestinal perforation (FIP) in very preterm and low birthweight infants: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Dermyshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.10.025","article-title":"Probiotic bacteria induce maturation of intestinal claudin 3 expression and barrier function","volume":"180","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136729","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics and epithelial tight junctions: a promising approach to modulate intestinal barrier function","volume":"22","author":"Rose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.04.005","article-title":"Supplementation with a probiotic mixture accelerates gut microbiome maturation and reduces intestinal inflammation in extremely preterm infants","volume":"30","author":"Samara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib26","article-title":"Bifidobacterium: host\u2013microbiome interaction and mechanism of action in preventing common gut-microbiota-associated complications in preterm infants: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Sadeghpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1339","article-title":"Probiotic effects on late-onset sepsis in very preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"132","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1463","article-title":"Oral probiotics reduce the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants","volume":"115","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1403","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of late-onset sepsis in very low-birth-weight neonates: a randomized trial","volume":"302","author":"Manzoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F110","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304745","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri for the prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in very low birthweight infants: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"99","author":"Oncel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1159\/000063096","article-title":"Probiotics feeding in prevention of urinary tract infection, bacterial sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: a prospective double-blind study","volume":"28","author":"Dani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1159\/000514402","article-title":"Use of composite outcomes in neonatal trials: an analysis of the cochrane reviews","volume":"118","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"10019","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01090-9","article-title":"Not all probiotic strains prevent necrotising enterocolitis in premature infants","volume":"387","author":"Abrahamsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib34","article-title":"Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants","volume":"2023","author":"Sharif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-322252","article-title":"Necrotising enterocolitis, late-onset sepsis and mortality after routine probiotic introduction in the UK","volume":"107","author":"Granger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib36","series-title":"Probiotics for preterm infants: a strain specific systematic review and network meta-analysis","author":"Van Den Akker","year":"2018"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.3849","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics, lactoferrin, and combination products for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"177","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01213-w","article-title":"Strain-specific impacts of probiotics are a significant driver of gut microbiome development in very preterm infants","author":"Beck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-025-05469-z","article-title":"Effect of probiotics on necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"25","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib40","series-title":"Oral presentation at the pediatric academic societies annual meeting, Honolulu, HI","article-title":"Effects of IBP-9414, a live biotherapeutic product, on NEC, time to full enteral feeding, and mortality in very low birth weight infants: results from the connection study","author":"Neu","year":"2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158136","article-title":"Protective effect of dual-strain probiotics in preterm infants: a multi-center time series analysis","volume":"11","author":"Denkel","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib42","unstructured":"Alshaikh BN, Ting J, Lee S, et al. Supplemental information effectiveness and risks of probiotics in preterm neonates."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa164","article-title":"Prophylactic probiotic supplementation for preterm neonates - a systematic review and meta-analysis of nonrandomized studies","volume":"12","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.725115","article-title":"Impact of probiotics on the course of indirect hyperbilirubinemia and phototherapy duration in very low birth weight infants","volume":"26","author":"Demirel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2016.06.001","article-title":"Probiotics prevent candida colonization and invasive fungal sepsis in preterm neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"58","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02004-z","article-title":"Multi-strain probiotics for extremely preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"92","author":"Alshaikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2086-y","article-title":"Probiotics in respiratory virus infections","volume":"33","author":"Lehtoranta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.08.020","article-title":"Prebiotic and probiotic supplementation prevents rhinovirus infections in preterm infants: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"133","author":"Luoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04452-5","article-title":"Probiotic sepsis in preterm neonates\u2014a systematic review","volume":"181","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114521","article-title":"Bifidobacterium and lactobacillus bacteremia among infants receiving probiotics in the neonatal intensive care unit","author":"Abda","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04072-3","article-title":"Incidence of probiotic sepsis and morbidity risk in premature infants: a meta-analysis","author":"Feldman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12204","article-title":"Reevaluating the FDA's warning against the use of probiotics in preterm neonates: a societal statement by ESPGHAN and EFCNI","volume":"78","author":"van den Akker","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib53","first-page":"155","article-title":"Fatal gastrointestinal mucormycosis in a premature infant associated with a contaminated dietary supplement","volume":"64","author":"Vallabhaneni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.4.775","article-title":"Bacteremic infection with pediococcus: vancomycin-resistant opportunist","volume":"107","author":"Barton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib55","article-title":"Quality of probiotic products for preterm infants: contamination and missing strains","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001603","article-title":"Commercial probiotic products: a call for improved quality control. A position paper by the ESPGHAN working group for probiotics and prebiotics","volume":"65","author":"Kola\u010dek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.2165","article-title":"Probiotics in the neonatal intensive care unit - a framework for optimizing product standards","volume":"177","author":"Shane","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"November","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00347","article-title":"Effects of probiotic supplementation on the gut microbiota and antibiotic resistome development in preterm infants","volume":"6","author":"Esaiassen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-240008","article-title":"The impact of probiotics on antibiotic resistance in newborns: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Fernandes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01327-7","article-title":"Capturing the antibiotic resistome of preterm infants reveals new benefits of probiotic supplementation","volume":"10","author":"Guitor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.618009","article-title":"Impact of probiotic B. infantis EVC001 feeding in premature infants on the gut microbiome, nosocomially acquired antibiotic resistance, and enteric inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1082","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00064-6","article-title":"Home administration of a multistrain probiotic once per day for 4 weeks to newborn infants in Tanzania (ProRIDE): a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial","volume":"13","author":"Klingenberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111287","article-title":"Mobile antimicrobial resistance genes in probiotics","volume":"10","author":"T\u00f3th","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"74","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3310\/hta22740","article-title":"Enteral lactoferrin to prevent infection for very preterm infants: the ELFIN RCT","volume":"22","author":"Griffiths","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2020-0073","article-title":"Elfin, the United Kingdom preterm lactoferrin trial: interpretation and future questions","volume":"99","author":"Berrington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-022-00324-8","article-title":"Cost savings of mother's own milk for very low birth weight infants in the neonatal intensive care unit","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacoecon Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib67","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of donor milk on severe infections and mortality in very low-birth-weight infants","author":"Corpeleijn","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.1165","article-title":"Effect of an exclusive human milk diet on the gut microbiome in preterm infants: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Embleton","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib69","article-title":"Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants","volume":"2019","author":"Quigley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23480","article-title":"A randomized synbiotic trial to prevent sepsis among infants in rural India","author":"Panigrahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1 January","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib71","article-title":"Burden of disease and risk factors for mortality amongst hospitalized newborns in Nigeria and Kenya","volume":"16","author":"Nabwera","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-064575","article-title":"Prospective observational study of the challenges in diagnosing common neonatal conditions in Nigeria and Kenya","volume":"12","author":"Staunton","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1744165X25000629?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1744165X25000629?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T08:46:25Z","timestamp":1764924385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1744165X25000629"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1744165X25000629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-165X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Probiotic supplementation \u2013 does it prevent or cause neonatal sepsis?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101668","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101668"}}