{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T23:02:54Z","timestamp":1784070174906,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T19:11:54Z","timestamp":1667243514000},"page":"103484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected individuals in comparison with the general population across Punjab province, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Wajiha","family":"Kanwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.06.021","article-title":"Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks176","article-title":"High frequency of vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected patients: effects of HIV-related factors and antiretroviral drugs","volume":"67","author":"Allavena","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anselmi, A., Vendrame, D., Rampon, O., et al. 2007. Immune reconstitution in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children with different virological responses to anti-retroviral therapy. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 150(3), 442\u2013450.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03526.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835b9ba1","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency may impair CD4 recovery among women\u2019s interagency HIV study participants with advanced disease on HAART","volume":"27","author":"Aziz","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4031","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of vitamin D levels, immunologic and virologic outcomes in HIV-infected adults","volume":"98","author":"Bearden","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1454","article-title":"Nonclassic actions of vitamin D","volume":"94","author":"Bikle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.600","article-title":"Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"169","author":"Bischoff-Ferrari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0040","first-page":"e10405","article-title":"Vitamin D and immune regulation: antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory","volume":"5","author":"Bishop","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Plus"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4974","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.9.4974","article-title":"1\u03b1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 has a direct effect on naive CD4+ T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells","volume":"167","author":"Boonstra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e3282f9ae9c","article-title":"The mucosal barrier and immune activation in HIV pathogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Brenchley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020448","article-title":"Total, bioavailable, and free vitamin D levels and their prognostic value in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Callejo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072097","article-title":"Immunologic effects of vitamin D on human health and disease","volume":"12","author":"Charoenngam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002632","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, comorbidities and outcomes among persons with HIV hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia","volume":"34","author":"Collins","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.07.007","article-title":"Modulation of inflammatory and immune responses by vitamin D","volume":"85","author":"Colotta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200303070-00006","article-title":"HIV-protease inhibitors impair vitamin D bioactivation to 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D","volume":"17","author":"Cozzolino","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2010.09.008","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 mediates innate immunity by regulating the 1\u03b1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induced hBD-3 and cathelicidin in human keratinocytes","volume":"60","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq158","article-title":"HIV StUtNHo, Investigators AitEoET: Low vitamin D among HIV-infected adults: Prevalence of and risk factors for low vitamin D Levels in a cohort of HIV-infected adults and comparison to prevalence among adults in the US general population","volume":"52","author":"Dao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1689S","article-title":"Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D","volume":"80","author":"DeLuca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqaa218","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa218","article-title":"Vitamin D-regulated gene expression profiles: Species-specificity and cell-specific effects on metabolism and immunity","volume":"162","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F8","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00336.2004","article-title":"Vitamin D","volume":"289","author":"Dusso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462413515194","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in HIV-positive, antiretroviral treatment-na\u00efve patients in a single centre study","volume":"25","author":"Gedela","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.604","article-title":"Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988\u20132004","volume":"169","author":"Ginde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of internal medicine."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00458","article-title":"Vitamin D in human immunodeficiency virus infection: influence on immunity and disease","volume":"9","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0040","article-title":"Evaluation of vitamin D levels among HIV-infected patients in New York City","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9040327","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and the risk of cerebrovascular disease","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0325","article-title":"Hyperparathyroidism and complications associated with vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected adults in New York City","volume":"28","author":"Kwan","year":"2012","journal-title":"New York. AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.6.1586","article-title":"Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial","volume":"85","author":"Lappe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"5768","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123933","article-title":"Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response","volume":"311","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansueto, P., Seidita, A., Vitale, G., Gangemi, S., Iaria, C., Cascio, A. 2015 Vitamin D deficiency in HIV infection: Not only a bone disorder. Biomed. Res. Int. 2015. 735615.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/735615"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328337b161","article-title":"High prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency in combined antiretroviral therapy-naive and successfully treated Swiss HIV patients","volume":"24","author":"Mueller","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0155","first-page":"8129","article-title":"25-hydroxy vitamin D serum levels in congenital heart disease (CHD) children compared to controls","volume":"6","author":"Noori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-011-0101-9","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected adults: what are the future research questions?","volume":"9","author":"Oyedele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-05-2044","article-title":"Expression of the inhibitory receptor ILT3 on dendritic cells is dispensable for induction of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"106","author":"Penna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5072502","article-title":"Vitamin D and immune function","volume":"5","author":"Prietl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0175","unstructured":"Raza, A., Syed, J.G., Ali, F.M., Khan, M.D., Khan, M.A., Haleem, F., Naeem, R. 2019. Incidence of vitamin D deficiency in different seasons in the adult Karachi population."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0183","article-title":"High frequency of vitamin D deficiency in ambulatory HIV-positive patients","volume":"25","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181caebaa","article-title":"Tenofovir-linked hyperparathyroidism is independently associated with the presence of vitamin D deficiency","volume":"54","author":"Rosenvinge","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immun. Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2704","article-title":"The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: What clinicians need to know","volume":"96","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2018_246","article-title":"Immunomodulatory role of vitamin D: A review","volume":"1108","author":"Skrobot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudfeld, C.R., Wang, M., Aboud, S., Giovannucci, E.L., Mugusi, F.M., Fawzi, W.W. 2012. Vitamin D and HIV progression among Tanzanian adults initiating antiretroviral therapy. PloS One 7, e40036.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040036"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unger, W.W., Laban, S., Kleijwegt, F.S., van der Slik, A.R., Roep, B.O. 2009. Induction of Treg by monocyte\u2010derived DC modulated by vitamin D3 or dexamethasone: differential role for PD\u2010L1. Eur. J. Immunol. 39, 3147-3159.","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200839103"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31822e57e9","article-title":"Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and factors associated with vitamin D deficiency and morbidity among HIV-infected patients enrolled in a large Italian cohort","volume":"58","author":"Vescini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.649","article-title":"The urgent need to recommend an intake of vitamin D that is effective","volume":"5","author":"Vieth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2009.0241","article-title":"(2010) Highly prevalent vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in an urban cohort of HIV-infected men under care","volume":"24","author":"Wasserman","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS patient care and STDs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833c3281","article-title":"Efavirenz is associated with severe vitamin D deficiency and increased alkaline phosphatase","volume":"24","author":"Welz","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02488-5","article-title":"The importance of vitamin d metabolism as a potential prophylactic, immunoregulatory and neuroprotective treatment for COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2016.0144","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and metabolism in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1319562X22004004?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1319562X22004004?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T17:25:11Z","timestamp":1761153911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1319562X22004004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1319562X22004004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-562X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-562X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected individuals in comparison with the general population across Punjab province, Pakistan","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103484","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103484"}}