{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T07:45:54Z","timestamp":1768463154813,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","scandinavianjournalpain.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_j.sjpain.2016.01.001_s_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Poorly defined musculoskeletal disorders are a common clinical problem and have considerable psychosocial impact. Chronic compartment syndrome (CCS) of the legs has primarily been noted in young athletes and soldiers. The epidemiology of CCS in the general population has not been studied previously. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of CCS of the legs in the general population and to study its association with possible etiological factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_j.sjpain.2016.01.001_s_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A two-stage population survey was performed, using a questionnaire followed by clinical examination. A sample of 3000 individuals aged 25-75 years was randomly selected from the general population. A clinical examination was offered to those answering \u201cYes\u201d to the following question: \u201cDo you wake up at nights due to leg pains or cramps, causing you to walk around?\u201d Intracompartmental pressures in the leg were measured in 13 persons randomly selected from among those diagnosed with CCS after the clinical examination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_j.sjpain.2016.01.001_s_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 3000 persons contacted, 2308 (76.9%) responders were included in the study. Leg pain or cramps at night was reported by 24% of the respondents. Age, rheumatic disease, use of hormone medication, heart failure, leg oedema, and peripheral arterial disease were all significantly associated with leg pain or cramps (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Among 286 persons with leg pain who underwent a subsequent clinical examination, 91 persons (31.9%) were classified as definite CCS. This suggests a CCS prevalence of 7.6% in the total sample ([24% x 31.9%\/100]). In 13 of the individuals with CCS intracompartmental pressure was measured before and after performance of the step test exercise. One individual had a post-exercise pressure &gt;15 mmHg. None had post-exercise pressure past the conventional threshold of &gt;30 mmHg.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_j.sjpain.2016.01.001_s_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nocturnal leg pain or cramps is a common symptom. A significant part of the general population (7.6%) may have CCS of the legs, with symptoms ranging from very mild to severe.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_j.sjpain.2016.01.001_s_005\">\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Considering the high prevalence of CCS found in this study, it is likely that a large proportion of those presenting with muscular pain actually have CCS. These persons are usually advised to increase their physical training to achieve some degree of pain relief. However, CCS patients may instead experience both increased leg pain and a proximal myalgia, which is possibly a referred pain. A demanding \u201cgold standard\u201d test (requiring identification of elevated of intracompartmental pressures), unclear diagnostic criteria, poor long-term results from incomplete surgery, and an uncertain explanation for what may be termed referred pain seem to have delayed the acceptance of CCS as a common cause of leg pain\/cramps and numbness. At the same time, the enormous costs to society and the reduced quality of life of patients require that such disease entities are correctly diagnosed as they can be effectively treated by simple, low-risk surgical procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2016.01.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,4]],"date-time":"2016-03-04T00:31:23Z","timestamp":1457051483000},"page":"7-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prevalence of chronic compartment syndrome of the legs: Implications for clinical diagnostic criteria and therapy"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jan Roar","family":"Orlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics , F\u00f8rde Central Hospital , N-6807 F\u00f8rde , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingvild Haabesland","family":"Lied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics , F\u00f8rde Central Hospital , N-6807 F\u00f8rde , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Einar","family":"Stranden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Investigations, Oslo Vascular Centre , Oslo University Hospital Aker and University of Oslo , N-0424 Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik Underthun","family":"Irgens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics , F\u00f8rde Central Hospital , N-6807 F\u00f8rde , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Roger","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics , F\u00f8rde Central Hospital , N-6807 F\u00f8rde , Norway"},{"name":"Department of Health Studies , Sogn and Fjordane University College , N-6803 F\u00f8rde , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120909545884681_j_j.sjpain.2016.01.001_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woolf AD, Akesson K. 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