{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T15:41:29Z","timestamp":1765294889684,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","scandinavianjournalpain.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_j.sjpain.2017.07.017_s_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The nociceptive system appears to have evolved a range of protective characteristics that are of great interest in understanding both acute and chronic pain. Spatial summation is one important characteristic, whereby increasing area of a stimulus, or distance between multiple stimuli, results in more intense pain\u2014not only greater area of pain. One of the mysteries of chronic pain is why spinal pain is so prevalent relative to pain at other sites. Since pathological tissue models have failed to fully explain spinal pain, we theorized that body region specific differences in sensory processing\u2014such as a greater propensity for spatial summation\u2014may help to explain its vulnerability. We aimed to examine this by comparing the properties of summation at different body parts: the dorsal forearm, neck, and back.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_j.sjpain.2017.07.017_s_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spatial summation of pain was investigated using noxious intra-dermal electrical stimuli in healthy pain-free adults (14 males, 6 females), and the perceived pain intensity was rated on a 0-100 pain scale. Area-based stimulation was investigated by doubling the stimulation area with the addition of a second electrode placed adjacent to the first. Distance-based summation was investigated by randomly varying the separation distance between paired noxious electrical stimuli at separations of 0,10,15, and 20 cm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_j.sjpain.2017.07.017_s_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated that the properties of area- and distance-based summation are uniform across the neck, back, and forearm in healthy adults. Spatial summation of pain was also found to be greatest at 15- and 20-cm paired separations for all body regions tested, confirming that noxious information can be integrated over an extensive anatomical area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_j.sjpain.2017.07.017_s_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from this investigation refutes the thesis that spatial summation of pain may be a contributing factor for the reported difference in chronicity rates between spinal and peripheral sites. It remains, however, a potentially important mechanism by which noxious inputs from multi-level pathology might integrate and contribute to pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_j.sjpain.2017.07.017_s_005\">\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While data from this project suggest that there are no regional differences in the properties of spatial summation of noxious stimuli, regional differences in other characteristics of the nociceptive system may yet provide insight into why some spinal pain is so highly prevalent; nociceptive distance-based summation may be highly relevant where two or more conditions co-exist in close proximity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2017.07.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]],"date-time":"2017-08-09T19:34:51Z","timestamp":1502307291000},"page":"126-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparison of spatial summation properties at different body sites"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Maleea D.","family":"Holbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Recover Injury Research Centre , Centre of Research Excellence in Road Traffic Injury , Menzies Health Institute QLD , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Pedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Recover Injury Research Centre , Centre of Research Excellence in Road Traffic Injury , Menzies Health Institute QLD , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Camfermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sansom Institute for Health Research , Division of Health Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Harvie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Recover Injury Research Centre , Centre of Research Excellence in Road Traffic Injury , Menzies Health Institute QLD , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120909543866990_j_j.sjpain.2017.07.017_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McBeth J, Jones K. 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