{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:10:14Z","timestamp":1789834214774,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,7]],"date-time":"2006-06-07T03:34:33Z","timestamp":1149651273000},"page":"619-626","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) alterations in narcolepsy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mario Giovanni","family":"Terzano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Smerieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Del Felice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Giglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Palomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liborio","family":"Parrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00203-7","article-title":"Clinical aspects and pathophysiology of narcolepsy","volume":"114","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81965-0","article-title":"The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene","volume":"98","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)05582-8","article-title":"Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy","volume":"355","author":"Nishino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1130","article-title":"Low cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin (orexin) and altered energy homeostasis in human narcolepsy","volume":"50","author":"Nishino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.12.1667","article-title":"CSF hypocretin-1 levels in narcolepsy, Kleine\u2013Levin syndrome and other hypersomnias and neurological conditions","volume":"74","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7760","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-20-07760.2000","article-title":"Hypocretin-1 modulates rapid eye movement sleep through activation of locus coeruleus neurons","volume":"20","author":"Bourgin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.1058","article-title":"Hypocretin\/orexin, sleep and narcolepsy","volume":"23","author":"Hungs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02862.2002","article-title":"Direct and indirect excitation of laterodorsal tegmental neurons by hypocretin\/orexin peptides: implications for wakefulness and narcolepsy","volume":"22","author":"Burlet","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib9","first-page":"73","article-title":"Twenty-four-hour recording in REM-narcoleptics with special reference to nocturnal sleep disruption","volume":"13","author":"Montplaisir","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib10","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The international classification of sleep disorders (ICDS), revised. Diagnostic and coding manual. Rochester, MN: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 1997."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(99)00041-0","article-title":"Correlation dimension of EEG slow-wave activity during sleep in narcoleptic patients under bed rest conditions","volume":"34","author":"Ferri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2003.00331.x","article-title":"Spectral analysis of all-night human sleep EEG in narcoleptic patients and normal subjects","volume":"12","author":"Mukai","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(95)00138-7","article-title":"Dynamics of slow wave activity in narcoleptic patients under bed rest conditions","volume":"95","author":"Nobili","year":"1995","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198305000-00005","article-title":"Sleep in narcolepsy and depression. Does it all look alike?","volume":"171","author":"Reynolds","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(87)90051-4","article-title":"Rapid eye movements, muscle twitches and sawtooth waves in the sleep of narcoleptic patients and controls","volume":"67","author":"Geisler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/24.6.707","article-title":"Increased REM density in narcolepsy\u2013cataplexy and the polysymptomatic form of idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"24","author":"Vankova","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1992.tb00046.x","article-title":"Sleep onset rapid-eye-movement episodes in narcolepsy: REM sleep pressure or nonREM\u2013REM sleep dysregulation?","volume":"1","author":"Tafti","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/24.8.881","article-title":"Relationship of slow and rapid EEG components of CAP to ASDA arousals in normal sleep","volume":"24","author":"Parrino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(93)90096-X","article-title":"Clinical applications of cyclic alternating pattern","volume":"54","author":"Terzano","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib20","series-title":"A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages in human subjects","author":"Rechtschaffen","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02991.x","article-title":"Systematic trends across the night in human sleep cycles","volume":"16","author":"Feinberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(91)90576-A","article-title":"A study of the interrupted REM episode","volume":"50","author":"Merica","year":"1991","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(01)00149-6","article-title":"Atlas, rules, and recording techniques for the scoring of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in human sleep","volume":"2","author":"Terzano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib24","unstructured":"EEG arousals: scoring rules and examples. A preliminary report from the Sleep Disorders Atlas Task Force of the American Sleep Disorders Association. Sleep 1992;15:173\u201384."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(99)00007-6","article-title":"Clinical and polysomnographic features in DQB1*0602 positive and negative narcolepsy patients: results from the modafinil clinical trial","volume":"1","author":"Hong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib26","first-page":"S82","article-title":"Nocturnal sleep features in narcolepsy: a model-based approach","volume":"157","author":"Nobili","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00316-5","article-title":"A commentary on the neurobiology of the hypocretin\/orexin system","volume":"25","author":"Mignot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2004.07.007","article-title":"Roles of orexin\/hypocretin in regulation of sleep\/wakefulness and energy homeostasis","volume":"9","author":"Sakurai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0598-1","article-title":"Functional involvement of cerebral cortex in human narcolepsy","volume":"252","author":"Oliviero","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/17.suppl_8.S45","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of narcolepsy","volume":"17","author":"Broughton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4694(98)00108-4","article-title":"Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in normal sleep: polysomnographic parameters in different age groups","volume":"107","author":"Parrino","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.2.215","article-title":"Cyclic alternating pattern in peripuberal children","volume":"28","author":"Lopes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.2.220","article-title":"Cyclic alternating pattern in normal preschool children","volume":"28","author":"Bruni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(90)90055-O","article-title":"Modifications of sleep structure induced by increasing levels of acoustic perturbation in normal subjects","volume":"76","author":"Terzano","year":"1990","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2005.00479.x","article-title":"CAP and arousals involved in homeostatic and ultradian sleep process","volume":"14","author":"Terzano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1993.tb00068.x","article-title":"Effects of prolonged wakefulness on cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) during sleep recovery at different circadian phases","volume":"2","author":"Parrino","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000048683","article-title":"The cyclic alternating pattern decreases as a consequence of total sleep deprivation and correlates with EEG arousals","volume":"45","author":"De Gennaro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.8.1633","article-title":"Sleep reactivity during acute nasal CPAP in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Parrino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00136-6","article-title":"CAP variables and arousals as sleep electroencephalogram markers for primary insomnia","volume":"14","author":"Terzano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.04011.x","article-title":"Laminar analysis of human neocortical interictal spike generation and propagation: current source density and multiunit analysis in vivo","volume":"45","author":"Ulbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305375101","article-title":"Infraslow oscillations modulate excitability and interictal epileptic activity in the human cortex during sleep","volume":"101","author":"Vanhatalo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199705000-00005","article-title":"Comparison between visual scoring of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) and computerized assessment of slow EEG oscillations in the transition from light to deep non-REM sleep","volume":"14","author":"Ferrillo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferri R, Bruni O, Miano S, et al. All-night EEG power spectral analysis of the cyclic alternating pattern components in young adult subjects. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116(10):2429\u201340.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.06.022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.06.010","article-title":"Topographic mapping of the spectral components of the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP)","volume":"6","author":"Ferri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91099-3","article-title":"Cerebral glucose utilization during sleep\u2013wake cycle in man determined by positron emission tomography and [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose method","volume":"513","author":"Maquet","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00388.x","article-title":"The nature of arousal in sleep","volume":"13","author":"Halasz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(04)90003-2","article-title":"What can neuroimaging findings tell us about sleep disorders?","volume":"5","author":"Nofzinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.7.1173","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep\u2013wake cycle. An H2(15)O PET study","volume":"120","author":"Braun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-08-02807.1997","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of human slow wave sleep","volume":"17","author":"Maquet","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(98)00049-3","article-title":"Is there a relationship between delta sleep at night and afternoon cerebral blood flow, assessed by HMPAO-SPECT in depressed patients and normal control subjects? Preliminary data","volume":"84","author":"Clark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03518.x","article-title":"Functional MRI during sleep: BOLD signal decreases and their electrophysiological correlates","volume":"20","author":"Czisch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.7.737","article-title":"Regional differences of the human sleep electroencephalogram in response to selective slow-wave sleep deprivation","volume":"12","author":"Ferrara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.05.028","article-title":"Cerebral correlates of delta waves during non-REM sleep revised","volume":"28","author":"Dang-Vu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00373.2002","article-title":"EEG slow (approximately 1Hz) waves are associated with nonstationarity of thalamo-cortical sensory processing in the sleeping human","volume":"89","author":"Massimini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2003.09.004","article-title":"Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: a hypothesis","volume":"62","author":"Tononi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5225","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0719-05.2005","article-title":"Hypocretin and nicotine excite the same thalamocortical synapses in prefrontal cortex: correlation with improved attention in rat","volume":"25","author":"Lambe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.03.015","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometry in narcolepsy","volume":"6","author":"Brenneis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(03)00068-6","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): partial reversibility after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)","volume":"61","author":"Ferini-Strambi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.05.005","article-title":"Reorganization of sleep patterns in severe OSAS under prolonged CPAP treatment","volume":"116","author":"Parrino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200109170-00011","article-title":"Attentive and preattentive processing in narcolepsy as reveled by event-related potentials (ERPs)","volume":"12","author":"Naumann","year":"2001","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003_bib61","series-title":"Principles of sleep medicine","first-page":"93","article-title":"Brain electrical activity and sensory processing during waking and sleep states","author":"Steriade","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945705003126?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945705003126?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]],"date-time":"2019-04-19T06:18:05Z","timestamp":1555654685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389945705003126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1389945705003126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}}}