{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:20:38Z","timestamp":1790299238154,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,10]],"date-time":"2009-02-10T13:40:23Z","timestamp":1234273223000},"page":"611-615","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["The severity range of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and augmentation in a prospective patient cohort: Association with ferritin levels"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Birgit","family":"Frauscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viola","family":"Gschliesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Brandauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Essam","family":"El-Demerdash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kaneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"R\u00fccker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Poewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"H\u00f6gl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.03.006","article-title":"Impact, diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in a primary care population: the REST (RLS epidemiology, symptoms, and treatment) primary care study","volume":"5","author":"Hening","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.11.1286","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome prevalence and impact: REST general population study","volume":"165","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000163996.64461.A3","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome: a community-based study of prevalence, severity, and risk factors","volume":"64","author":"H\u00f6gl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000168910.48309.4a","article-title":"Epidemiology of restless legs syndrome in French adults: a nationwide survey: the INSTANT study","volume":"65","author":"Tison","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.11.004","article-title":"Current guidelines and standards of practice for restless legs syndrome","volume":"120","author":"Hening","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(03)00010-8","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health","volume":"4","author":"Allen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.03.022","article-title":"Diagnostic standards for dopaminergic augmentation of restless legs syndrome: report from a World Association of Sleep Medicine-International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group consensus conference at the Max Planck institute","volume":"8","author":"Garcia-Borreguero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/19.3.205","article-title":"Augmentation of the restless legs syndrome with carbidopa\/levodopa","volume":"19","author":"Allen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.03.023","article-title":"Validation of the augmentation severity rating scale (ASRS): a multicentric, prospective study with levodopa on restless legs syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Garcia-Borreguero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10503","article-title":"One-year treatment with standard and sustained-release levodopa: appropriate long-term treatment of restless legs syndrome?","volume":"18","author":"Trenkwalder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21401","article-title":"Cabergoline compared to levodopa in the treatment of patients with severe restless legs syndrome: results from a multi-center, randomized, active controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Trenkwalder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000147297.51023.C8","article-title":"Effective cabergoline treatment in idiopathic restless legs syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Stiasny-Kolster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.4.674","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of cabergoline for the treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome: results from an open-label 6-month clinical trial","volume":"27","author":"Benes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2003.07.005","article-title":"Augmentation and tolerance with long-term pramipexole treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS)","volume":"5","author":"Winkelman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21050","article-title":"Ropinirole is effective in the long-term management of restless legs syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Montplaisir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20983","article-title":"Controlled withdrawal of pramipexole after 6 months of open-label treatment in patients with restless legs syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Trenkwalder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70576-2","article-title":"Less is more: pathophysiology of dopaminergic-therapy-related augmentation in restless legs syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Paulus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.07.020","article-title":"Augmentation in restless legs syndrome is associated with low ferritin","volume":"9","author":"Trenkwalder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(02)00258-7","article-title":"Validation of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale for restless legs syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Walters","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib20","first-page":"A304","article-title":"Severity rating of restless legs syndrome: validation of the RLS-6 scales","volume":"27","author":"Kohnen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib21","unstructured":"National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Early clinical drug evaluation unit (ECDEU). Clinical Global Impressions. In: Guy W, editor. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology, rev ed. Rockville, MD: NIMH; 1976."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib22","first-page":"S158","article-title":"On the development of the \u201cstructured interview for diagnosis of augmentation during RLS treatment (RLS-SIDA)\u201d: first experiences","volume":"6","author":"H\u00f6gl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.8.1698","article-title":"Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Earley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.2.263","article-title":"MRI measurement of brain iron in patients with restless legs syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Allen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000078887.16593.12","article-title":"Neuropathological examination suggests impaired brain iron acquisition in restless legs syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Connor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000123251.60485.AC","article-title":"Decreased transferrin receptor expression by neuromelanin cells in restless legs syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Connor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20572","article-title":"Transcranial ultrasound shows nigral hypoechogenicity in restless legs syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Schmidauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00403.x","article-title":"CSF iron, ferritin and transferrin levels in restless legs syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Mizuno","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2099","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions","volume":"39","author":"Winkelmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072743","article-title":"A genetic risk factor for periodic limb movements in sleep","volume":"357","author":"Stefansson","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0922-7","article-title":"Treatment wish of individuals with known and unknown restless legs syndrome in the community","volume":"255","author":"Happe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib32","first-page":"S67","article-title":"Validation of the augmentation severity rating scale (ASRS): first results from a study of the European restless legs syndrome study group (EURLSSG)","volume":"6","author":"Garcia-Borreguero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/23.3.200","article-title":"Iron status and restless legs syndrome in the elderly","volume":"23","author":"O\u2019Keeffe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.03.002","article-title":"The treatment of restless legs syndrome with intravenous iron dextran","volume":"5","author":"Earley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.12.006","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous iron sucrose in restless legs syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Earley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib36","unstructured":"RLS Medical Bulletin. Restless legs syndrome. Diagnosis and treatment in primary care. Restless legs syndrome foundation 2008. Available from www.rls.org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90143-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in the elderly","volume":"88","author":"Guyatt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00681.x","article-title":"Iron deficiency alters discrete proteins in rat caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens","volume":"47","author":"Youdim","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.12.2282","article-title":"In vivo dopamine metabolism is altered in iron-deficient anemic rats","volume":"127","author":"Nelson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00563-9","article-title":"Iron deficiency decreases dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in rat brain","volume":"69","author":"Erikson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2005.06.002","article-title":"Neurochemical investigations of dopamine neuronal systems in iron-regulatory protein 2 (IRP-2) knockout mice","volume":"139","author":"Salvatore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"issue":"Suppl. 18","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S440","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21607","article-title":"The role of iron in restless legs syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.07.002","article-title":"The effects of dietary iron deprivation on murine circadian sleep architecture","volume":"7","author":"Dean","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945708002724?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945708002724?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T23:13:37Z","timestamp":1558134817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389945708002724"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1389945708002724"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}}}