{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:10:21Z","timestamp":1792447821241,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T20:01:24Z","timestamp":1582142484000},"page":"17-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The effects of repeated transcranial direct current stimulation on sleep quality and depression symptoms in patients with major depression and insomnia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7616-0313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haihang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ti-Fei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.11.1457","article-title":"Epidemiology of insomnia, depression, and anxiety","volume":"28","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib2","first-page":"20","article-title":"The changing perspective on chronic insomnia management","volume":"65","author":"Krystal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychiatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900029266","article-title":"Insomnia in patients with depression: a STAR* D report","volume":"15","author":"Sunderajan","year":"2010","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.12.1655","article-title":"The prevalence of insomnia, its sociodemographic and clinical correlates, and treatment in rural and urban regions of Beijing, China: a general population-based survey","volume":"31","author":"Xiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1884","article-title":"Insomnia, comorbidity, and risk of injury among insured Americans: results from the America Insomnia Survey","volume":"35","author":"Kessler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.08.046","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in major depression","volume":"626","author":"Marazziti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000203130.45421.69","article-title":"Persistence of neuropsychologic deficits in the remitted state of late-life depression","volume":"14","author":"Bhalla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.03.004","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of depression: distinct roles for ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"201","author":"Koenigs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1162\/089892904323057263","article-title":"Direct current stimulation over V5 enhances visuomotor coordination by improving motion perception in humans","volume":"16","author":"Antal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cognit Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.05.033","article-title":"Imbalance between left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in major depression is linked to negative emotional judgment: an fMRI study in severe major depressive disorder","volume":"63","author":"Grimm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.15540\/nr.2.1.37","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of major depression: improving visual working memory, reducing depressive symptoms","volume":"2","author":"Salehinejad","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroRegulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01265-0","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style","volume":"3","author":"Davidson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Cognit Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.11.015","article-title":"Emotional valence modulates brain functional abnormalities in depression: evidence from a meta-analysis of fMRI studies","volume":"37","author":"Groenewold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3644","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the acute treatment of major depressive episodes: a systematic review with network meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Brunoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4040","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation as an add-on treatment for bipolar depression: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"75","author":"Sampaio-Junior","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.225","article-title":"Somatic treatments for mood disorders","volume":"37","author":"Rosa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2006.00291.x","article-title":"Treatment of major depression with transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"8","author":"Fregni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapsychiatry.32","article-title":"The sertraline vs electrical current therapy for treating depression clinical study: results from a factorial, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Brunoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.03.066","article-title":"Cognitive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in depression: results from the SELECT-TDCS trial and insights for further clinical trials","volume":"202","author":"Brunoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612999","article-title":"Trial of electrical direct-current therapy versus escitalopram for depression","volume":"376","author":"Brunoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.01.001","article-title":"Differential effects of bifrontal tDCS on arousal and sleep duration in insomnia patients and healthy controls","volume":"12","author":"Frase","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.65","article-title":"Modulation of total sleep time by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"41","author":"Frase","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/876521","article-title":"Prefronto-cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation improves sleep quality in euthymic bipolar patients: a brief report","volume":"2014","author":"Minichino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.12659\/MSMBR.911411","article-title":"Sleep quality, depression, and\u00a0quality of life after bilateral anodal transcranial direct current stimulation\u00a0in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Hadoush","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit Basic Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.07.395","article-title":"Clinical and demographic predictors of response to rTMS treatment in unipolar and bipolar depressive disorders","volume":"128","author":"Rostami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.08.025","article-title":"The interrelationship between sleep and depression: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial on mind-body-spirit intervention","volume":"29","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib28","first-page":"115","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: an effective treatment for comorbid insomnia and depression","volume":"62","author":"Ashworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Counsel Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib29","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5\u00ae)","author":"Association","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.12.003","article-title":"Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): a tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation","volume":"117","author":"Gandiga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2161-0","article-title":"Clarification of the cut-off score for Zung's self-rating depression scale","volume":"19","author":"Dunstan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1085-y","article-title":"Validity of the Italian version of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)","volume":"34","author":"Curcio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1489-6","article-title":"Screening for anxiety and depression: reassessing the utility of the Zung scales","volume":"17","author":"Dunstan","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.4.499","article-title":"Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures: an update for 2005","volume":"28","author":"Kushida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib35","series-title":"The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associatedevents: rules, terminology and technical specifications","first-page":"1","author":"Iber","year":"2007"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002535","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Rock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib37","first-page":"201","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation for treating depression in a patient with right hemispheric dominance: a case study","volume":"31","author":"Shiozawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0ECT"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807933106","article-title":"Source modeling sleep slow waves","volume":"106","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.2174\/156802611797470303","article-title":"The cortical topography of local sleep","volume":"11","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.036","article-title":"Cognitive control dysfunction in emotion dysregulation and psychopathology of major depression (MD): evidence from transcranial brain stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)","volume":"210","author":"Salehinejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19597","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1317010110","article-title":"Sleep deprivation increases dorsal nexus connectivity to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in humans","volume":"110","author":"Bosch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4466","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3220-10.2011","article-title":"Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences","volume":"31","author":"Gujar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.03.035","article-title":"Direct current stimulation promotes BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity: potential implications for motor learning","volume":"66","author":"Fritsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-01-00438.2000","article-title":"Long-term depression and depotentiation in the sensorimotor cortex of the freely moving rat","volume":"20","author":"Froc","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib45","first-page":"455","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in epilepsy","volume":"8","author":"San-Juan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06090.x","article-title":"Premotor transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) affects primary motor excitability in humans","volume":"27","author":"Boros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04233.x","article-title":"How does transcranial DC stimulation of the primary motor cortex alter regional neuronal activity in the human brain?","volume":"22","author":"Lang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21380","article-title":"Modulating cortico-striatal and thalamo-cortical functional connectivity with transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"33","author":"Polan\u00eda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.06.019","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for depression in pregnancy: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Vigod","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2013.812067","article-title":"Sleep as a biomarker for depression","volume":"25","author":"Wichniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14170","article-title":"Depression in sleep disturbance: a review on a bidirectional relationship, mechanisms and treatment","volume":"23","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.16.1756","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and activation of morning levels of cellular and genomic markers of inflammation","volume":"166","author":"Irwin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035302","article-title":"From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: a social signal transduction theory of depression","volume":"140","author":"Slavich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800419869845","article-title":"The effect of transcranial direct\u00a0current\u00a0stimulation on inflammation in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a Bayesian Residual change analysis","volume":"22","author":"Suchting","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Res Nurs"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945720300745?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945720300745?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T15:21:52Z","timestamp":1761405712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389945720300745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S1389945720300745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effects of repeated transcranial direct current stimulation on sleep quality and depression symptoms in patients with major depression and insomnia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}