{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:51:11Z","timestamp":1789671071177,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:04:13Z","timestamp":1627387453000},"page":"291-302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Focal limbic sources create the large slow oscillations of the EEG in human deep sleep"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Kyle K.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0404-126X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan","family":"Hathaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9624-5023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Fernandez-Corazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1081-2884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roma","family":"Shusterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phan","family":"Luu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8304-7829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Don M.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib1","series-title":"Why we sleep: unlocking the power of sleep and dreams","author":"Walker","year":"2017"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22488","article-title":"Hippocampal sharp wave-ripple: a cognitive biomarker for episodic memory and planning","volume":"25","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.09.001","article-title":"The thalamocortical network as a single slow wave-generating unit","volume":"31","author":"Crunelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.02.043","article-title":"Regional slow waves and spindles in human sleep","volume":"70","author":"Nir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6862","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1318-04.2004","article-title":"The sleep slow oscillation as a traveling wave","volume":"24","author":"Massimini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807933106","article-title":"Source modeling sleep slow waves","volume":"106","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.12.1643","article-title":"Sleep homeostasis and cortical synchronization: III. A high-density EEG study of sleep slow waves in humans","volume":"30","author":"Riedner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/6.2.81","article-title":"The hippocampal-neocortical dialogue","volume":"6","author":"Buz\u00e1ki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cerebr Cortex"},{"issue":"6463","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay0616","article-title":"Isolated cortical computations during delta waves support memory consolidation","volume":"366","author":"Todorova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.09.048","article-title":"Multiple sparse priors for the M\/EEG inverse problem","volume":"39","author":"Friston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.10.030","article-title":"Source localization of epileptic spikes using Multiple Sparse Priors","volume":"132","author":"Fernandez-Corazza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.03.001","article-title":"Transcranial electrical synchronization targeting limbic cortex increases the duration of human deep sleep","volume":"81","author":"Hathaway","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.12.022","article-title":"Geodesic photogrammetry for localizing sensor positions in dense-array EEG","volume":"116","author":"Russell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/002","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2000.880100","article-title":"The conductivity of the human skull: results of in\u00a0vivo and in\u00a0vitro measurements","volume":"47","author":"Oostendorp","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2003.812164","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo measurement of the brain and skull resistivities using an EIT-based method and realistic models for the head","volume":"50","author":"Goncalves","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1109\/10.554770","article-title":"The electrical conductivity of human cerebrospinal fluid at body temperature","volume":"44","author":"Baumann","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/11\/319","article-title":"A\u00a0model of the electrical volume conductor in the region of the eye in the ELF range","volume":"46","author":"Lindenblatt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d878","DOI":"10.2741\/1043","article-title":"The corticothalamic system in sleep","volume":"8","author":"Steriade","year":"2003","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00044-9","article-title":"The polar average reference effect: a bias in estimating the head surface integral in EEG recording","volume":"110","author":"Junghofer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib21","series-title":"Bioelectromagnetism","author":"Malmivuo","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib22","series-title":"Electrical fields of the brain: neurophysics of EEG","author":"Nunez","year":"2005"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.2174\/156802611797470376","article-title":"Thalamocortical oscillations: local control of EEG slow waves","volume":"11","author":"Timofeev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.11.020","article-title":"Old brains come uncoupled in sleep: slow wave-spindle synchrony, brain atrophy, and forgetting","volume":"97","author":"Helfrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9985","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2725-04.2004","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory","volume":"24","author":"Marshall","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"issue":"7119","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05278","article-title":"Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory","volume":"444","author":"Marshall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02796-2","article-title":"Unihemispheric enhancement of delta power in human frontal sleep EEG by prolonged wakefulness","volume":"913","author":"Achermann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.05.015","article-title":"Shaping the default activity pattern of the cortical network","volume":"94","author":"Sanchez-Vives","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib29","series-title":"Principles of behavioral and cognitive neurology","article-title":"Behavioral neuroanatomy: large-scale networks, association, cortex, frontal syndromes, the limbic system, and hemispheric specializations","author":"Mesulam","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib30","series-title":"Architecture and connections of the frontal lobe","author":"Pandya","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(82)90219-3","article-title":"Association areas of the cerebral cortex","volume":"5","author":"Pandya","year":"1982","journal-title":"Trends Neural Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib32","series-title":"Cerebral cortex: architecture, connections, and the dual origin concept","author":"Pandya","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib33","series-title":"Anatomical organization of the primate amygdaloid complex","author":"Amaral","year":"1992"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903630408","article-title":"Limbic connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys","volume":"363","author":"Carmichael","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0625-7","article-title":"The claustrum coordinates cortical slow-wave activity","volume":"23","author":"Narikiyo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-092519-101637","article-title":"The anatomy and physiology of claustrum-cortex interactions","volume":"43","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib37","series-title":"Cognition and neural development","author":"Tucker","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(01)00679-7","article-title":"Development and evolution of the collopallium in amniotes: a new hypothesis of field homology","volume":"57","author":"Butler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2298-18.2019","article-title":"Regional delta waves in human rapid eye movement sleep","volume":"39","author":"Bernardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25651","article-title":"How the human brain sleeps: direct cortical recordings of normal brain activity","volume":"87","author":"von Ellenrieder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S138994572100410X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S138994572100410X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T15:33:30Z","timestamp":1761406410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S138994572100410X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S138994572100410X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Focal limbic sources create the large slow oscillations of the EEG in human deep sleep","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.028","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Brain Electrophysiology Laboratory Company. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}