{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:33:21Z","timestamp":1790735601806,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688601600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":278,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T02:14:26Z","timestamp":1656555266000},"page":"98-105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prevalence of mouth breathing, with or without nasal obstruction, in children with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Plamen","family":"Bokov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Dahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Im\u00e8ne","family":"Boujemla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Dudoignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles-Victor","family":"Andr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selim","family":"Bennaceur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natacha","family":"Teissier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Delclaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.3.610","article-title":"Inability of clinical history to distinguish primary snoring from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children","volume":"108","author":"Carroll","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2018.07.029","article-title":"The OSA-5: development and validation of a brief questionnaire screening tool for obstructive sleep apnea in children","volume":"113","author":"Soh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(99)00009-X","article-title":"Pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ): validity and reliability of scales for sleep-disordered breathing, snoring, sleepiness, and behavioral problems","volume":"1","author":"null","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2021.111018","article-title":"Prospective validation of a brief questionnaire for predicting the severity of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"153","author":"Kennedy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00215411","article-title":"Sleep clinical record: an aid to rapid and accurate diagnosis of paediatric sleep disordered breathing","volume":"41","author":"Villa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2000.105254","article-title":"First place--resident clinical science award 1999. Quality of life for children with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"123","author":"Franco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.16d12.x","article-title":"Nasal obstruction as a risk factor for sleep apnoea syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Lofaso","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00472.x","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"2","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.109.3.673","article-title":"Sleep, breathing, and cephalometrics in older children and young adults. Part II -- Response to nasal occlusion","volume":"109","author":"Millman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215881","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized trial of adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnea","volume":"368","author":"Marcus","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06122-4","article-title":"Risk factors for residual mouth breathing in children who had completely resolved obstructive sleep apnea after adenotonsillectomy","volume":"277","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1590\/2176-9451.20.4.039-044.oar","article-title":"Guidelines proposal for clinical recognition of mouth breathing children","volume":"20","author":"Pacheco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dental Press J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00385-2015","article-title":"Obstructive sleep disordered breathing in 2- to 18-year-old children: diagnosis and management","volume":"47","author":"Kaditis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-015-1154-6","article-title":"Mouth breathing, \u201cnasal disuse,\u201d and pediatric sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-014-1011-z","article-title":"Oropharyngeal exercises to reduce symptoms of OSA after AT","volume":"19","author":"Villa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2021.103039","article-title":"Laterality and severity of nasal obstruction does not correlate between physicians and patients, nor among physicians","volume":"42","author":"Saxon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(81)90099-3","article-title":"Longitudinal cephalometric standards from 5 years of age to adulthood","volume":"79","author":"Bishara","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjq054","article-title":"Comparison of craniofacial characteristics of typical Chinese and Caucasian young adults","volume":"33","author":"Gu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.03.003","article-title":"The utility of acoustic pharyngometry and rhinometry in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Bokov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13337","article-title":"Cross-sectional case-control study of the relationships between pharyngeal compliance and heart rate variability indices in childhood obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"30","author":"Bokov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1590\/S2317-17822013000300008","article-title":"Mouth breathing evaluation: use of Glatzel mirror and peak nasal inspiratory flow","volume":"25","author":"Melo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Coda"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2003.07.018","article-title":"Adenoid tissue rhinopharyngeal obstruction grading based on fiberendoscopic findings: a novel approach to therapeutic management","volume":"67","author":"Cassano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib23","first-page":"1551","article-title":"Modern assessment of tonsils and adenoids","volume":"36","author":"Brodsky","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599819889912","article-title":"Evaluation of tonsillotomy effects on pharyngeal volume and compliance in children","volume":"162","author":"Al Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2008.22.3147","article-title":"Reference values for acoustic rhinometry in children from 4 to 13 years old","volume":"22","author":"Straszek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2007.09.013","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of nasal flexible fiberoptic endoscopy in the diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy in children","volume":"72","author":"Kindermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib27","article-title":"Variables associated with mouth breathing diagnosis in children based on a multidisciplinary assessment","volume":"30","author":"Milanesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coda"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib28","first-page":"217","article-title":"Atypical swallowing: a review","volume":"63","author":"Maspero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.03.025","article-title":"Clinical recognition of mouth breathers by orthodontists: a preliminary study","volume":"152","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.03.034","article-title":"Clinical estimation of mouth breathing","volume":"136","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489009125169","article-title":"Nose\/mouth distribution of respiratory airflow in \u201cmouth breathing\u201d children","volume":"109","author":"Leiberman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2018.05.013","article-title":"Measuring nasal obstruction outcomes","volume":"51","author":"Spataro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2019.109665","article-title":"Evaluation of nasal obstruction in children by acoustic rhinometry: a prospective study","volume":"127","author":"Distinguin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2015.0468","article-title":"Correlations between acoustic rhinometry, subjective symptoms, and endoscopic findings in symptomatic children with nasal obstruction","volume":"141","author":"Isaac","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2016.1261441","article-title":"Comparison of muscle activity between subjects with or without lip competence: electromyographic activity of lips, supra- and infrahyoid muscles","volume":"35","author":"Gamboa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(94)70021-4","article-title":"A\u00a0cephalometric and electromyographic study of upper airway structures in the upright and supine positions","volume":"106","author":"Pae","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib37","first-page":"3738","article-title":"Facial morphological characteristics of mouth breathers vs. nasal breathers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of lateral cephalometric data","volume":"19","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib38","first-page":"e346","article-title":"Hyoid bone position in different facial skeletal patterns","volume":"10","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Exp Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjp162","article-title":"Cephalometric evaluation of children with nocturnal sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"32","author":"Piril\u00e4-Parkkinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy198","article-title":"Displacement of the hyoid bone by muscle paralysis and lung volume increase: the effects of obesity and obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"42","author":"Kohno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib41","first-page":"343","article-title":"Heterogeneity in vertical positioning of the hyoid bone in relation to genioglossal activity in men","volume":"74","author":"Pae","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12894","article-title":"Properties of hyoid muscle contraction during tongue lift measurement","volume":"47","author":"Koshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S138994572201067X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S138994572201067X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T15:39:17Z","timestamp":1761406757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S138994572201067X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S138994572201067X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence of mouth breathing, with or without nasal obstruction, in children with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}