{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:30:08Z","timestamp":1790508608163,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011096","name":"Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T21:50:51Z","timestamp":1715032251000},"page":"488-498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Clinical considerations in the treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3993-2230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Thorpy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lois","family":"Krahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad","family":"Ruoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Foldvary-Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib1","series-title":"International Classification of Sleep Disorders \u2013 Third Edition","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.08.007","article-title":"Idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"29","author":"Billiard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00368-9","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of lower-sodium oxybate in adults with idiopathic hypersomnia: a phase 3, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised withdrawal study","volume":"21","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101306","article-title":"Diagnosis of central disorders of hypersomnolence: a reappraisal by European experts","volume":"52","author":"Lammers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2017.03.009","article-title":"Idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"12","author":"Trotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101766","article-title":"Update on the treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia: progress, challenges, and expert opinion","volume":"69","author":"Arnulf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib7","series-title":"International Classification of Sleep Disorders \u2013 Third Edition, Text Revision","year":"2023"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8482","article-title":"Prevalence of narcolepsy, other sleep disorders, and diagnostic tests from 2013\u20132016: insured patients actively seeking care","volume":"16","author":"Acquavella","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207994","article-title":"Prevalence and course of idiopathic hypersomnia in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort study","volume":"102","author":"Plante","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8344","article-title":"Frequency and severity of autonomic symptoms in idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"16","author":"Miglis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9620","article-title":"Recommended protocols for the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and Maintenance of Wakefulness Test in adults: guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine","volume":"17","author":"Krahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101709","article-title":"Clinical considerations for the diagnosis of idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"66","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2922","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of the Multiple Sleep Latency Test in narcolepsy without cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"9","author":"Trotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6882","article-title":"The MSLT is repeatable in narcolepsy type 1 but not narcolepsy type 2: a retrospective patient study","volume":"14","author":"Ruoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx164","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of the Multiple Sleep Latency Test in central disorders of hypersomnolence","volume":"40","author":"Lopez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.6.753","article-title":"Idiopathic hypersomnia with and without long sleep time: a controlled series of 75 patients","volume":"32","author":"Vernet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib17","series-title":"Utilization of diagnostic sleep testing prior to idiopathic hypersomnia diagnosis among US adults: a real-world claims analysis [poster 499]. Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies","author":"Saad","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23818","article-title":"Excessive sleep duration and quality of life","volume":"73","author":"Ohayon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12465-2","article-title":"Factors associated with habitual sleep duration in US adults with hypertension: a cross-sectional study of the 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"22","author":"Ogugu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Publ Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2001.0168","article-title":"Idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"5","author":"Billiard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1754","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007264","article-title":"Measurement of symptoms in idiopathic hypersomnia: the Idiopathic Hypersomnia Severity Scale","volume":"92","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib22","series-title":"Xywav\u00ae (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates) oral solution, CIII [prescribing information]","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2016.09.018","article-title":"French consensus. Management of patients with hypersomnia: which strategy?","volume":"173","author":"Lopez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9328","article-title":"Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline","volume":"17","author":"Maski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199511093331917","article-title":"Declaring the sodium content of drug products","volume":"333","author":"Szarfman","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quantitative labeling of sodium, potassium, and phosphorus for human over-the-counter and prescription drug products. Guidance for industry","year":"2022","journal-title":"US Food and Drug Administration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical review for Binosto, NDA 202344","year":"2012","journal-title":"US Food and Drug Administration"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9326","article-title":"Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment","volume":"17","author":"Maski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz156","article-title":"Beyond sleepy: structural and functional changes of the default-mode network in idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"42","author":"Pomares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx140","article-title":"Altered regional cerebral blood flow in idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"40","author":"Boucetta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24459","article-title":"Clarithromycin in \u03b3-aminobutyric acid-related hypersomnolence: a randomized, crossover trial","volume":"78","author":"Trotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00424","article-title":"Idiopathic hypersomnia patients revealed longer circadian period length in peripheral skin fibroblasts","volume":"9","author":"Materna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy223","article-title":"Specific T-cell activation in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid in central disorders of hypersomnolence","volume":"42","author":"Lippert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009555","article-title":"IgG abnormality in narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"5","author":"Tanaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.08.034","article-title":"Disease symptomatology and response to treatment in people with idiopathic hypersomnia: initial data from the Hypersomnia Foundation Registry","volume":"75","author":"Trotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S386021","article-title":"Symptom severity and treatment satisfaction in patients with idiopathic hypersomnia: the real world idiopathic hypersomnia outcomes study (ARISE)","volume":"15","author":"Schneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2018.1417385","article-title":"Update on treatment for idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"27","author":"Evangelista","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin Invest Drugs"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8750","article-title":"Developing a cognitive behavioral therapy for hypersomnia using telehealth: a feasibility study","volume":"16","author":"Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib39","series-title":"Drug Enforcement Administration drug scheduling. StatPearls","author":"Lopez","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.4009","article-title":"Pregnancy and fetal outcomes following exposure to modafinil and armodafinil during pregnancy","volume":"181","author":"Kaplan","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib41","series-title":"Provigil [package insert]","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-021-00221-2","article-title":"Pregnancy and contraception in central hypersomnolence disorders","volume":"7","author":"Pascoe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Sleep Med Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7966","article-title":"Pregnancy and contraception experiences in women with narcolepsy: a Narcolepsy Network survey","volume":"15","author":"Pascoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.19097","article-title":"Associations of unintended pregnancy with maternal and infant health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"328","author":"Nelson","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleepe.2023.100059","article-title":"Characteristics of adults newly diagnosed with idiopathic hypersomnia in the United States","volume":"3","author":"Saad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib46","series-title":"Xyrem\u00ae (sodium oxybate) oral solution, CIII [prescribing information].","year":"2023"},{"issue":"7242","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7242.1128","article-title":"Use and interpretation of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: recommendations of the British Hypertension Society","volume":"320","author":"O'Brien","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa206","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates (lower-sodium oxybate [LXB]; JZP-258) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized withdrawal study in adults with narcolepsy with cataplexy","volume":"44","author":"Bogan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S369122","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of lower-sodium oxybate in an open-label titration period of a phase 3 clinical study in adults with idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"14","author":"Thorpy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib50","series-title":"Effects of lower-sodium oxybate on 24-hour total sleep time: data from a phase 3 clinical study in adults with idiopathic hypersomnia [poster 119]. World Sleep","author":"Morse","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.05.008","article-title":"GHB levels in breast milk of women with narcolepsy with cataplexy treated with sodium oxybate","volume":"36","author":"Barker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.10.005","article-title":"Benefits and risk of sodium oxybate in idiopathic hypersomnia versus narcolepsy type 1: a chart review","volume":"17","author":"Leu-Semenescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8088","article-title":"Effects of pharmacotherapy treatment on patient-reported outcomes in a narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia cohort","volume":"15","author":"Pascoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib54","series-title":"Lumryz\u2122 (sodium oxybate) for extended-release oral suspension, CIII [prescribing information]","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib55","series-title":"Avadel Pharmaceuticals announces final FDA approval of LUMRYZ\u2122 (sodium oxybate) for extended-release oral suspension as the first and only once-at-bedtime oxybate for cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness in adults with narcolepsy [press release]","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12201","article-title":"Modafinil in the treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time--a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"24","author":"Mayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.01.018","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of modafinil in patients with idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison study","volume":"80","author":"Inoue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3480","article-title":"Modafinil improves real driving performance in patients with hypersomnia: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial","volume":"37","author":"Philip","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib59","series-title":"Adderall [package insert]","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib60","year":"2019"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005041.pub2","article-title":"Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults","author":"Epstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.3390\/ph6101221","article-title":"The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"K\u00e4ll\u00e9n","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08708","article-title":"First-trimester exposure to methylphenidate: a population-based cohort study","volume":"75","author":"Potteg\u00e5rd","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000418","article-title":"Stimulant use in pregnancy: an under-recognized epidemic among pregnant women","volume":"62","author":"Smid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3644","article-title":"Association between methylphenidate and amphetamine use in pregnancy and risk of congenital malformations: a cohort study from the International Pregnancy Safety Study Consortium","volume":"75","author":"Huybrechts","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27658","article-title":"Idiopathic hypersomnia: clinical features and response to treatment","volume":"5","author":"Ali","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24710","article-title":"Absence of gamma-aminobutyric acid-a receptor potentiation in central hypersomnolence disorders","volume":"80","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"161","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004685","article-title":"Modulation of vigilance in the primary hypersomnias by endogenous enhancement of GABAA receptors","volume":"4","author":"Rye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib69","series-title":"Clarithromycin mechanisms in hypersomnia syndromes, NCT04026958. ClinicalTrials.gov","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib70","series-title":"Biaxin [package insert]","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib71","series-title":"FDA drug safety communication: FDA review finds additional data supports the potential for increased long-term risks with antibiotic clarithromycin (Biaxin) in patients with heart disease","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053327","article-title":"Clarithromycin in early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage and malformation: a register based nationwide cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6196","article-title":"Flumazenil for the treatment of refractory hypersomnolence: clinical experience with 153 patients","volume":"12","author":"Trotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib74","series-title":"Romazicon [package insert]","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib75","series-title":"Wakix [package insert]","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib76","series-title":"Harmony Biosciences completes enrollment of phase 3 registrational INTUNE study in idiopathic hypersomnia [press release]","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib77","series-title":"Harmony Biosciences announces topline data from phase 3 INTUNE study evaluating pitolisant in patients with idiopathic hypersomnia [press release]","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib78","series-title":"Sunosi\u00ae (solriamfetol) tablets prescribing information","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib79","article-title":"Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"5","author":"Trotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8994","article-title":"Treatment of severe morning sleep inertia with bedtime long-acting bupropion and\/or long-acting methylphenidate in a series of four patients","volume":"17","author":"Schenck","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib81","series-title":"Wellbutrin [package insert]","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.02.004","article-title":"Effect of levothyroxine on prolonged nocturnal sleep time and excessive daytime somnolence in patients with idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"12","author":"Shinno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/20.10.844","article-title":"Daytime sleepiness and sleep habits of Australian workers","volume":"20","author":"Johns","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib84","series-title":"Levothyroxine sodium (package insert]","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib85","series-title":"Nuvigil [package insert]","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib86","series-title":"Efficacy of lower-sodium oxybate in participants with idiopathic hypersomnia: results from the open-label treatment phase of a clinical study [poster 171]","author":"Foldvary-Schaefer","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.11014","article-title":"Brain fog in central disorders of hypersomnolence: a review","volume":"20","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2023.112427","article-title":"Brain Fog Scale (BFS): scale development and validation","volume":"216","author":"Debowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pers Indiv Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2023.73","article-title":"A scale development study: Brain Fog Scale","volume":"35","author":"Atik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib90","article-title":"Efficacy of lower-sodium oxybate on idiopathic hypersomnia, measured by the Idiopathic Hypersomnia Severity Scale [poster 495]","author":"Foldvary-Schaefer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700499114","article-title":"Nonpeptide orexin type-2 receptor agonist ameliorates narcolepsy-cataplexy symptoms in mouse models","volume":"114","author":"Irukayama-Tomobe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2207531119","article-title":"Orexin 2 receptor-selective agonist danavorexton improves narcolepsy phenotype in a mouse model and in human patients","volume":"119","author":"Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad049","article-title":"Safety and pharmacodynamics of a single infusion of danavorexton in adults with idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"46","author":"Mignot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib94","unstructured":"Takeda intends to rapidly initiate the first global phase 3 trials of TAK-861, an oral orexin agonist, in narcolepsy type 1 in first half of fiscal year 2024 [press release]. Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited; February 8, 2024. https:\/\/www.takeda.com\/newsroom\/newsreleases\/2024\/Takeda-Intends-to-Rapidly-Initiate-the-First-Global-Phase-3-Trials-of-TAK-861-an-Oral-Orexin-Agonist-in-Narcolepsy-Type%201-in-First-Half-of-Fiscal-Year-2024\/. [Accessed 9 May 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib95","series-title":"A study of TAK-861 in participants with narcolepsy type 1, NCT05687903. ClinicalTrials.gov","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib96","series-title":"Placebo-controlled, double-blind, study to determine the safety and efficacy of SDX in patients with IH, NCT05668754","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib97","series-title":"A phase 3 study to assess the safety and efficacy of pitolisant in adult patients with idiopathic hypersomnia, NCT05156047. ClinicalTrials.gov","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7128","article-title":"Consumer sleep technology: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement","volume":"14","author":"Khosla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013_bib99","first-page":"1942","article-title":"Sleep disturbance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation by Medical Outcomes Study and visual analog sleep scales","volume":"33","author":"Wolfe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945724002284?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945724002284?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:48:06Z","timestamp":1781880486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389945724002284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["S1389945724002284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinical considerations in the treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}