{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:16:55Z","timestamp":1792012615265,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T02:48:20Z","timestamp":1758595700000},"page":"106817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Sleep characteristics in children, adolescents, and adults with Specific Learning Disorders: a systematic review and a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Paggetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Lazzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Bacaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Vanacore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Vicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deny","family":"Menghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib1","series-title":"StatPearls [internet]","article-title":"Physiology of sleep","author":"Brinkman","year":"2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1103-92","article-title":"Why we sleep","volume":"289","author":"Siegel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"issue":"6156","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.342.6156.301","article-title":"Sleep: the brain's housekeeper?","volume":"342","author":"Underwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3298","article-title":"Sleep health: can we define it? Does it matter?","volume":"37","author":"Buysse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2019.1701474","article-title":"Sleep health as measured by ru sated: a psychometric evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Ravyts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.053","article-title":"Mapping the electrophysiological marker of sleep depth reveals skill maturation in children and adolescents","volume":"63","author":"Kurth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci3041445","article-title":"Development of brain EEG connectivity across early childhood: does sleep play a role?","volume":"3","author":"Kurth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-011-1044-0","article-title":"Sleep and immune function","volume":"463","author":"Besedovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pflueg Arch Eur J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100015","article-title":"Sleep after vaccination boosts immunological memory","volume":"187","author":"Lange","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-023-01309-8","article-title":"Sleep duration and executive function in adults","volume":"23","author":"Sen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e701","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1182","article-title":"Associations of executive function with sleepiness and sleep duration in adolescents","volume":"123","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib12","first-page":"107","article-title":"Sleep deprivation effects on basic cognitive processes: which components of attention, working memory, and executive functions are more susceptible to the lack of sleep?","volume":"14","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Sci Sao Paulo Braz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.04.011","article-title":"Children's sleep and health: a meta-review","volume":"46","author":"Matricciani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-023-02250-w","article-title":"Assessing the impact of sleep restriction on the attention and executive functions of medical students: a prospective cohort study","volume":"123","author":"Mota Albuquerque","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib15","series-title":"Advances in child development and behavior [internet]","first-page":"229","article-title":"Sleep's role in memory consolidation: what can we learn from atypical development?","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib16","article-title":"Slow wave sleep in naps supports episodic memories in early childhood","volume":"24","author":"Lokhandwala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Sci [Internet]"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2762","article-title":"The memory function of sleep","volume":"11","author":"Diekelmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2005.11.001","article-title":"Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance","volume":"10","author":"Curcio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2012.01172.x","article-title":"Consolidation of vocabulary is associated with sleep in children","volume":"15","author":"Henderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib20","series-title":"StatPearls [internet]","article-title":"Physiology, sleep stages","author":"Patel","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(01)00504-2","article-title":"Polygraphic investigation of 24-h waking distribution in infants","volume":"73","author":"Giganti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2016.06.011","article-title":"Infant sleep-wake behaviors at two weeks, three and six months","volume":"44","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5978","article-title":"Age-related differences in sleep architecture and electroencephalogram in adolescents in the national consortium on alcohol and neurodevelopment in adolescence sample","volume":"39","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.2.302","article-title":"Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: reference values and generational trends","volume":"111","author":"Iglowstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3390\/children8070542","article-title":"Which is more important for health: sleep quantity or sleep quality?","volume":"8","author":"Kohyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.010","article-title":"National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary","volume":"1","author":"Hirshkowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib28","first-page":"649","article-title":"Cognitive, behavioral, and functional consequences of inadequate sleep in children and adolescents","volume":"58","author":"Beebe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.05.010","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual differences in naturalistic sleep quality and episodic memory performance in young and older adults","volume":"127","author":"Hokett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000348","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and memory: meta-analytic reviews of studies on sleep deprivation before and after learning","volume":"147","author":"Newbury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.132106","article-title":"Sleep after learning aids memory recall","volume":"13","author":"Gais","year":"2006","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101453","article-title":"Contributions of post-learning REM and NREM sleep to memory retrieval","volume":"59","author":"MacDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2015.02.008","article-title":"The effect of selective REM-sleep deprivation on the consolidation and affective evaluation of emotional memories","volume":"122","author":"Wiesner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib34","series-title":"Progress in brain research [internet]","first-page":"27","article-title":"The impact of sleep deprivation on declarative memory","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2253","article-title":"Sleep benefits subsequent hippocampal functioning","volume":"12","author":"Van Der Werf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2013.811253","article-title":"The effect of self-reported habitual sleep quality and sleep length on autobiographical memory","volume":"22","author":"Murre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Memory"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2018.1539401","article-title":"Short sleep and late bedtimes are detrimental to educational learning and knowledge transfer: an investigation of individual differences in susceptibility","volume":"36","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-01052-9","article-title":"Sleep and circadian disturbances in children with neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"21","author":"Bruni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib39","first-page":"345","article-title":"Children with neurodevelopmental disorders: how do they sleep? Curr Opin Psychiatry","volume":"35","author":"Belli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sept"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00982-8","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders commonly presenting with sleep disturbances","volume":"18","author":"Shelton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2019.09.006","article-title":"ADHD and sleep: recent advances and future directions","volume":"34","author":"Becker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.02.012","article-title":"Sleep and ADHD","volume":"11","author":"Konofal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.07.004","article-title":"Sleep in adults with autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Lugo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.07.019","article-title":"Sleep in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of subjective and objective studies","volume":"65","author":"Morgan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2020.08.012","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder and sleep","volume":"30","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547221106239","article-title":"Behavioral sleep interventions for children with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Malkani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbscr.2023.100095","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in autism spectrum disorder: animal models, neural mechanisms, and therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Maurer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10015-2410","article-title":"Prevalence of obstructive sleep-disordered apnea in children referred to the pediatric dental clinic","volume":"15","author":"Batarseh","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.13093","article-title":"Sleep in people with and without intellectual disabilities: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"68","author":"Browne","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib50","first-page":"894","article-title":"Sleep in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of subjective and objective studies","volume":"48","author":"Cortese","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.02.014","article-title":"Sleep in adults with ADHD: systematic review and meta-analysis of subjective and objective studies","volume":"89","author":"D\u00edaz-Rom\u00e1n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2018-300037","article-title":"Sleep in youth with autism spectrum disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of subjective and objective studies","volume":"21","author":"D\u00edaz-Rom\u00e1n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid Base Ment Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.06.004","article-title":"A prospective study of sleep problems in children with ADHD","volume":"15","author":"Lycett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3042-3","article-title":"Examining the behavioural sleep-wake rhythm in adults with autism spectrum disorder and No comorbid intellectual disability","volume":"47","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.13116","article-title":"Behavioural sleep problems in children and adults with intellectual disabilities: an integrative literature review","volume":"36","author":"Harper","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Res Intellect Disabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1192\/bjb.2021.122","article-title":"Sleep: the neglected life factor in adults with intellectual disabilities","volume":"47","author":"Korb","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJPsych Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib57","series-title":"Text revision (DSM-5-TR)","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648035","article-title":"Learning disabilities and psychological development in childhood and adolescence","volume":"36","author":"Cohen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7113","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12227113","article-title":"Cognitive profile discrepancies among typical university students and those with dyslexia and mixed-type learning disorder","volume":"12","author":"Scorza","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib60","article-title":"Current state of knowledge on the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood according to the DSM-5: a systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA criteria","volume":"16","author":"Franc\u00e9s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib61","article-title":"Specific learning disabilities and associated emotional-motivational profiles: a study in Italian university students","volume":"15","author":"Iaia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychol [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib62","article-title":"Stress, resilience, and emotional well-being in children and adolescents with specific learning disabilities","volume":"58","author":"Stein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.3390\/children10121911","article-title":"Emotional adjustment among adolescent students with and without specific learning disabilities","volume":"10","author":"Mart\u00edn-Ruiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7358","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207358","article-title":"Social-emotional profile of children with and without learning disabilities: the relationships with perceived loneliness, self-efficacy and well-being","volume":"17","author":"Heiman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2005.7.4\/amuzet","article-title":"Alteration of sleep microstructure in psychiatric disorders","volume":"7","author":"Muzet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib66","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"n71","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib67","series-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions: cochrane book series [internet]","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib68","unstructured":"Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connel D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses [Internet]. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; n.d. [cited 2025 July 23]. Available from: http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136065","article-title":"Asthma and copd overlap syndrome (ACOS): a systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"10","author":"Alshabanat","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1996.00251.x","article-title":"The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) Construct ion and validation of an instrument to evaluate sleep disturbances in childhood and adolescence","volume":"5","author":"Bruni","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0046-1822777","article-title":"Influence of social factors on the sleep-wake cycle in children","volume":"3","author":"Bel\u00edsio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib72","series-title":"Mini sleep questionnaire (MSQ) for screening large populations for EDS complaints","first-page":"467","author":"Zomer","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib73","series-title":"Children's sleep Habits questionnaire [internet]","author":"Owens","year":"2015"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13472","article-title":"Children with developmental dyslexia showed greater sleep disturbances than controls, including problems initiating and maintaining sleep","volume":"105","author":"Carotenuto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib75","article-title":"Correla\u00e7\u00e3o entre o perfil do sono e o comportamento em indiv\u00edduos com transtorno espec\u00edfico da aprendizagem","volume":"30","author":"Franklin","year":"2018","journal-title":"CoDAS [Internet]"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib76","article-title":"Consolidation of vocabulary is associated with sleep in typically developing children, but not in children with dyslexia","volume":"21","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Sci [Internet]"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib77","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in specific learning disorders: a qualitative and quantitative investigation","volume":"75","author":"Pecini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010073","article-title":"Sleep-related declarative memory consolidation in children and adolescents with developmental dyslexia","volume":"11","author":"Reda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib79","article-title":"Sleep disorders reveal distress among children and adolescents during the Covid-19 first wave: results of a large web-based Italian survey","volume":"47","author":"Dondi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr [Internet]"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6411","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116411","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in children with attentional deficit hyperactivity disorder and specific learning disorders","volume":"19","author":"Saccani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sleep, executive functions, and functional impairment in children with specific learning disorder: an investigation of the mediating pathways","volume":"17","author":"Serdenge\u00e7ti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib82","series-title":"Review manager","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7228","article-title":"Use of actigraphy for the evaluation of sleep disorders and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: an American Academy of sleep medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib85","article-title":"Validity of actigraphy compared to polysomnography for sleep assessment in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Yavuz-Kodat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib86","series-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions [internet]","year":"2019"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.10.1333","article-title":"Sleep spindle activity is correlated with reading abilities in developmental dyslexia","volume":"32","author":"Bruni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640903133418","article-title":"Slow EEG amplitude oscillations during NREM sleep and reading disabilities in children with dyslexia","volume":"34","author":"Bruni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/16.3.207","article-title":"Sleep patterns in reading disabled children","volume":"16","author":"Mercier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019098","article-title":"Saliva cortisol, melatonin levels and circadian rhythm alterations in Chinese primary school children with dyslexia","volume":"99","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115518","article-title":"Sensory modulation and sleep quality among adults with learning disabilities: a quasi-experimental case-control design study","volume":"10","author":"Sharfi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2021.1930827","article-title":"Those in the shadow of the pandemic: impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on the mental health of children with neurodevelopmental disorders and their parents","volume":"68","author":"Guller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib92","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib93","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib94","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International classification of Diseases and related health problems. Tenth revision. World Health Organization."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02282","article-title":"The role of sleep in memory consolidation and reading in dyslexia","volume":"37","author":"Solbi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cognit Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib96","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of sleep spindle sources across NREM sleep cycles","volume":"13","author":"Alfonsi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib97","series-title":"Progress in brain research [internet]","first-page":"201","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of cortical sources underlying spontaneous and peripherally evoked slow waves","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib98","article-title":"Topographical relocation of adolescent sleep spindles reveals a new maturational pattern in the human brain","volume":"12","author":"Gombos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib99","article-title":"Functional differences in cerebral activation between slow wave-coupled and uncoupled sleep spindles","volume":"16","author":"Baena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib100","article-title":"Coordination of slow waves with sleep spindles predicts sleep-dependent memory consolidation in schizophrenia","volume":"40","author":"Demanuele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep [Internet]"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186915","article-title":"Impaired memory consolidation in children with obstructive sleep disordered breathing. Romigi A","volume":"12","author":"Maski","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib102","series-title":"Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics [internet]","first-page":"209","article-title":"The role of sleep spindles in sleep-dependent memory consolidation","year":"2017"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4088","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0818-20.2021","article-title":"Sleep spindles preferentially consolidate weakly encoded memories","volume":"41","author":"Denis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.11.1138","article-title":"Different maturational changes of fast and slow sleep spindles in the first four years of life","volume":"42","author":"D'Atri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4724792","article-title":"Sleep spindle characteristics in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and their relation to cognition","volume":"2016","author":"Gruber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/15500594221134025","article-title":"New electrographic marker? Evaluation of sleep spindles in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"55","author":"\u00d6zbudak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3390\/children9020197","article-title":"Sleep power topography in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"9","author":"Castelnovo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib108","article-title":"Sleep EEG microstructure in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Biancardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep [Internet]"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101737","article-title":"Advances in understanding the relationship between sleep and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"8","author":"Scarpelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.10.010","article-title":"Reduced sleep-associated consolidation of declarative memory in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"12","author":"Prehn-Kristensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.036","article-title":"Transcranial oscillatory direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory consolidation in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder to a level comparable to healthy controls","volume":"7","author":"Prehn-Kristensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib112","article-title":"Burnout and anxiety among parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia","volume":"30","author":"Alrahili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Middle East Curr Psychiatry [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib113","article-title":"Does informal caregiving lead to parental burnout? Comparing parents having (or not) children with mental and physical issues","volume":"9","author":"G\u00e9rain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol [Internet]"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12469","article-title":"Annual Research Review: sleep problems in childhood psychiatric disorders \u2013 a review of the latest science","volume":"57","author":"Gregory","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCPP (J Child Psychol Psychiatry)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.10.004","article-title":"The influence of sleep quality, sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review","volume":"14","author":"Dewald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e345","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0497","article-title":"Sleep duration, sleep regularity, body weight, and metabolic homeostasis in school-aged children","volume":"127","author":"Spruyt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.04.022","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in autism spectrum disorder without intellectual impairment: relationship with executive function and psychiatric symptoms","volume":"83","author":"Gisbert Gustemps","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib118","article-title":"A systematic review of cognitive function in first-episode psychosis, including a discussion on childhood trauma, stress, and inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Aas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry [Internet]"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2021.1998067","article-title":"Epidemiology of reading disability: a comparison of DSM-5 and ICD-11 criteria","volume":"26","author":"Di Folco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Stud Read"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2024.2385733","article-title":"Predicting emotional consequences of disorganization among adults with neurodevelopmental disorders: a structural equation model","volume":"47","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-010-9155-5","article-title":"Changes in sleep as a function of adolescent development","volume":"21","author":"Colrain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.7.1255","article-title":"Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan","volume":"27","author":"Ohayon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945725004927?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945725004927?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:52:09Z","timestamp":1781880729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389945725004927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["S1389945725004927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sleep characteristics in children, adolescents, and adults with Specific Learning Disorders: a systematic review and a meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106817","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106817"}}