{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T15:51:04Z","timestamp":1781884264792,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016382","name":"The Schmidt Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AG063925-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AG063925-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32MH018399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32MH018399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2037735\/6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2037735\/6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T08:39:57Z","timestamp":1758703197000},"page":"106821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Procedural learning worsens with OSA severity in older adults and is insensitive to short exposure supplemental oxygen therapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1781-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian D.","family":"Harding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Breanna M.","family":"Holloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela N.","family":"DeYoung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Djonlagic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Ancoli-Israel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atul","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.06.010","article-title":"Sleep disturbances increase the risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00064.2013","article-title":"Effects of stabilizing or increasing respiratory motor outputs on obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"115","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085918","article-title":"Untreated sleep-disordered breathing: links to aging-related decline in sleep-dependent memory consolidation","volume":"9","author":"Djonlagic","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.01.017","article-title":"First night of CPAP: impact on memory consolidation attention and subjective experience","volume":"16","author":"Djonlagic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034106","article-title":"Increased sleep fragmentation leads to impaired off-line consolidation of motor memories in humans","volume":"7","author":"Djonlagic","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14571","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3220-14.2014","article-title":"Apnea-induced rapid eye movement sleep disruption impairs human spatial navigational memory","volume":"34","author":"Varga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202204-315OC","article-title":"The effect of obstructive sleep apnea on sleep-dependent emotional memory consolidation","volume":"20","author":"Cunningham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13321","article-title":"Associations between sleep-disordered breathing, nocturnal hypoxemia, and subsequent cognitive decline in older community-dwelling men: the osteoporotic fractures in men sleep study","volume":"63","author":"Blackwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01621-2022","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and 5-year cognitive decline in the elderly","volume":"61","author":"Marchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4392","article-title":"Sleep breathing disorders and cognitive function in the elderly: an 8-year follow-up study. The proof-synapse cohort","volume":"38","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202011-4253LE","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure restores declarative memory deficit in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"203","author":"Djonlagic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01934.x","article-title":"Cognitive effects of treating obstructive sleep apnea in alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled study","volume":"56","author":"Ancoli-Israel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201807-1216ED","article-title":"Supplemental oxygen for obstructive sleep apnea: is there a role after all?","volume":"199","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1306766","article-title":"CPAP versus oxygen in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"370","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.6226","article-title":"The combination of supplemental oxygen and a hypnotic markedly improves obstructive sleep apnea in patients with a mild to moderate upper airway collapsibility","volume":"39","author":"Edwards","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3844","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in older adults is a distinctly different physiological phenotype","volume":"37","author":"Edwards","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.01.077","article-title":"Aging influences on pharyngeal anatomy and physiology: the predisposition to pharyngeal collapse","volume":"119","author":"Malhotra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-2251","article-title":"Clinical characteristics in two subgroups of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the elderly: comparison between cases with elderly and middle-age onset","volume":"137","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.11648","article-title":"Subjective daytime sleepiness, not sleep quality or hypoxia, predicts sleep-dependent memory consolidation in a cohort of older adults","author":"Harding","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.06.011","article-title":"Reduced overnight consolidation of procedural learning in chronic medicated schizophrenia is related to specific sleep stages","volume":"44","author":"Manoach","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033079","article-title":"Memory for semantically related and unrelated declarative information: the benefit of sleep, the cost of wake","volume":"7","author":"Payne","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy624","article-title":"The hypoxic burden of sleep apnoea predicts cardiovascular disease-related mortality: the osteoporotic fractures in men study and the sleep heart health study","volume":"40","author":"Azarbarzin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00062914","article-title":"Quantifying the ventilatory control contribution to sleep apnoea using polysomnography","volume":"45","author":"Terrill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00674-2018","article-title":"Identifying obstructive sleep apnoea patients responsive to supplemental oxygen therapy","volume":"52","author":"Sands","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2006.08.007","article-title":"Treatment compliance in patients lost to follow-up after polysomnography","volume":"136","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2009.04.010","article-title":"Putative facilitators and barriers for adherence to CPAP treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a qualitative content analysis","volume":"11","author":"Brostr\u00f6m","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2001.0197","article-title":"Improving CPAP use by patients with the sleep apnoea\/hypopnoea syndrome (SAHS)","volume":"7","author":"Engleman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.01.004","article-title":"Short-term CPAP adherence in obstructive sleep apnea: a big data analysis using real world data","volume":"59","author":"Cistulli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9008","article-title":"Adherence with positive airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea in developing vs. developed countries: a big data study","volume":"17","author":"Drager","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.005","article-title":"Patient engagement using new technology to improve adherence to positive airway pressure therapy: a retrospective analysis","volume":"153","author":"Malhotra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201303-0448OC","article-title":"Defining phenotypic causes of obstructive sleep apnea. Identification of novel therapeutic targets","volume":"188","author":"Eckert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1239016","article-title":"Translation of obstructive sleep apnea pathophysiology and phenotypes to personalized treatment: a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"McNicholas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201707-1435OC","article-title":"Phenotyping pharyngeal pathophysiology using polysomnography in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"197","author":"Sands","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101308","article-title":"Objective measurement of sleep in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"D'Rozario","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib35","article-title":"Improvements in cognitive function and quantitative sleep electroencephalogram in obstructive sleep apnea after six months of continuous positive airway pressure treatment","volume":"45","author":"D'Rozario","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2226","article-title":"Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on neurocognitive function in obstructive sleep apnea patients: the apnea positive pressure Long-term efficacy study (Apples)","volume":"35","author":"Kushida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01183-2024","article-title":"Arousal threshold modifies the effect of CPAP on executive function among individuals with obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"65","author":"Zinchuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-0171","article-title":"Effect of CPAP on cognition, brain function, and structure among elderly patients with OSA: a randomized pilot study","volume":"148","author":"Dalmases","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00064214","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea in the elderly: role of continuous positive airway pressure treatment","volume":"46","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.05.024","article-title":"Interfering with theories of sleep and memory: sleep, declarative memory, and associative interference","volume":"16","author":"Ellenbogen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.051","article-title":"Impaired declarative memory consolidation during sleep in patients with primary insomnia: influence of sleep architecture and nocturnal cortisol release","volume":"60","author":"Backhaus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12122","article-title":"Disrupted rapid eye movement sleep predicts poor declarative memory performance in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"23","author":"Lipinska","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.01.134","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea is linked to depression and cognitive impairment: evidence and potential mechanisms","volume":"24","author":"Kerner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.8.893","article-title":"Predictors of sleep-disordered breathing in community-dwelling adults: the sleep heart health study","volume":"162","author":"Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-860894","article-title":"Racial differences in clinical presentation of patients with sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"8","author":"Scharf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945725004964?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945725004964?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:52:28Z","timestamp":1781880748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389945725004964"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S1389945725004964"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Procedural learning worsens with OSA severity in older adults and is insensitive to short exposure supplemental oxygen therapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106821","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106821"}}