{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T17:02:55Z","timestamp":1788800575251,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T15:53:14Z","timestamp":1762012394000},"page":"106893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Sleep, BDNF, and beyond: A comparative study of zolpidem and clobazam in insomnia treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Vishal","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5268-6444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumita","family":"Halder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajarshi","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edelbert Antonio","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib1","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2025.102121","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of insomnia: a systematic literature review-based analysis","volume":"82","author":"Benjafield","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70089","article-title":"The prevalence of insomnia disorder in the general population: a meta\u2010analysis","volume":"34","author":"Van Straten","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2024.2407631","article-title":"Epidemiology and burden of chronic insomnia disorder in Europe: an analysis of the 2020 national health and wellness survey","volume":"27","author":"Chalet","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0411-y","article-title":"Sleep, insomnia, and depression","volume":"45","author":"Riemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab137","article-title":"Event-related potentials in insomnia reflect altered perception of sleep","volume":"44","author":"Feige","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4088","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5510-07.2008","article-title":"A causal role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the homeostatic regulation of sleep","volume":"28","author":"Faraguna","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12399","article-title":"Clobazam: a safe, efficacious, and newly rediscovered therapeutic for epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Gauthier","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14035","article-title":"The european insomnia guideline: an update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023","volume":"32","author":"Riemann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1767","article-title":"Effectiveness of sequential psychological and medication therapies for insomnia disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"77","author":"Morin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9868","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9","article-title":"Frailty in elderly people","volume":"381","author":"Clegg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107316","article-title":"Objectively measured sleep\u2013wake patterns in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy \u2013 interaction with quality of life and antiepileptic treatment","volume":"112","author":"Pavlova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A433","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepj\/zsx050.1159","article-title":"1160 effects of clobazam on sleep and daytime function in patients with epilepsy","volume":"40","author":"Ramel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brogden RN, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS. Clobazam: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in anxiety. Drugs 1980 Sept;20(3):161\u2013178.","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198020030-00001"},{"issue":"pb","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib15","first-page":"180","article-title":"Behavioural neurology of antiepileptic drugs: a practical guide by andrea E. Cavanna Oxford university press","volume":"95","author":"Mula","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/901082","article-title":"Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in different neurological diseases","volume":"2013","author":"Ventriglia","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"5\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2023.2222239","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis on the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in insomnia patients with and without comorbid depression","volume":"54","author":"Norouzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Rhythm Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7135","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237135","article-title":"BDNF and proBDNF serum protein levels in obstructive sleep apnea patients and their involvement in insomnia and depression symptoms","volume":"11","author":"Gabryelska","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S401271","article-title":"Investigating the role of BDNF in insomnia: current insights","volume":"15","author":"Ditmer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12577","article-title":"Serum brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in sleep\u2010disordered patients: relation to sleep stage N3 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep across diagnostic entities","volume":"27","author":"Deuschle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S263528","article-title":"Astroglial mechanisms underlying chronic insomnia disorder: a clinical study","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060517723799","article-title":"Effect of zolpidem on functional recovery in a rat model of ischemic stroke","volume":"46","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084806","article-title":"Alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the mouse hippocampus following acute but not repeated benzodiazepine treatment. Bachtell RK","volume":"8","author":"Licata","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4172\/Neuropsychiatry.1000319","article-title":"Do benzodiazepines plus fluvoxamine cause a rapid increase in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor or clinical improvement in major depressive disorder patients?","volume":"8","author":"Katsuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91389-y","article-title":"The effect of MIND diet on sleep status, mental health, and serum level of BDNF in overweight\/obese diabetic women with insomnia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Golmohammadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47726-0","article-title":"Interplay between stress, sleep, and BDNF in a high-risk sample of young adults","volume":"13","author":"Varghese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.09.005","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of zolpidem in the treatment of insomnia disorder for one month: a meta-analysis of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"87","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.682","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy, singly and combined with medication, for persistent insomnia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"301","author":"Morin","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.24927","article-title":"Zolpidem: efficacy and side effects for insomnia","volume":"9","author":"Edinof A","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Psychol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.6865","article-title":"Treatment failure and long-term prescription risk for guideline-recommended hypnotics in Japan","volume":"7","author":"Takeshima","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2022.106963","article-title":"The effectiveness and tolerability of clobazam in the pediatric population: adjunctive therapy and monotherapy in a large-cohort multicenter study","volume":"184","author":"Kama\u015fak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945725005684?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945725005684?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T03:51:14Z","timestamp":1765252274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389945725005684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S1389945725005684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sleep, BDNF, and beyond: A comparative study of zolpidem and clobazam in insomnia treatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106893","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106893"}}