{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T23:49:25Z","timestamp":1793922565108,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003305","name":"ResMed Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003305","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T08:38:07Z","timestamp":1774514287000},"page":"108927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Classification of narcolepsy type 1 using machine learning on Stanford Cataplexy Questionnaire responses and HLA-DQB1\u221706:02"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"143","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7134-8751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Ricciardiello Mejia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Brink-Kjaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Mignot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/25.1.27","article-title":"Clinical aspects of narcolepsy-cataplexy across ethnic groups","volume":"25","author":"Okun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/17.3.265","article-title":"Stability of cataplexy over several Months\u2014Information for the design of therapeutic trials","volume":"17","author":"Gelb","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10444","article-title":"The neurobiology, diagnosis, and treatment of narcolepsy","volume":"53","author":"Scammell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Neurol: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society"},{"issue":"9560","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60237-2","article-title":"Narcolepsy with cataplexy","volume":"369","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21965","article-title":"Cataplexy features in childhood nacrolepsy","volume":"23","author":"Serra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199001000-00006","article-title":"Classification of sleep disorders","volume":"7","author":"Thorpy","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.1.113","article-title":"Practice parameters for clinical use of the multiple sleep latency test and the maintenance of wakefulness test","volume":"28","author":"Littner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0970","article-title":"International classification of sleep disorders-third edition highlights and modifications","volume":"146","author":"Sateia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib10","first-page":"1012","article-title":"HLA DQB1\u2217 0602 is associated with cataplexy in 509 narcoleptic patients","volume":"20","author":"Mignot","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4066","article-title":"Hla DQB1\u2217 06: 02 negative narcolepsy with hypocretin\/orexin deficiency","volume":"37","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1086\/318799","article-title":"Complex HLA-DR and-DQ interactions confer risk of narcolepsy-cataplexy in three ethnic groups","volume":"68","author":"Mignot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.12.010","article-title":"HLA-DPB1 and HLA class i confer risk of and protection from narcolepsy","volume":"96","author":"Ollila","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36120-z","article-title":"Narcolepsy risk loci outline role of T cell autoimmunity and infectious triggers in narcolepsy","volume":"14","author":"Ollila","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S278046","article-title":"Recognizing the symptom spectrum of narcolepsy to improve timely diagnosis: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Quaedackers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.1998.00093.x","article-title":"The clinical diagnosis of the narcoleptic syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Parkes","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2301940","article-title":"Oral orexin receptor 2 agonist in narcolepsy type 1","volume":"389","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib18","first-page":"42","article-title":"A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial comparing the effects of three doses of orally administered sodium oxybate with placebo for the treatment of narcolepsy","volume":"25","author":"Cook","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410350612","article-title":"The prevalence of narcolepsy: an epidemiological study of the Finnish Twin Cohort","volume":"35","author":"Hublin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2207531119","article-title":"Orexin 2 receptor\u2013selective agonist danavorexton improves narcolepsy phenotype in a mouse model and in human patients","volume":"119","author":"Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa009","article-title":"Narcolepsy severity scale: a reliable tool assessing symptom severity and consequences","volume":"43","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S456903","article-title":"Machine learning-based model for prediction of Narcolepsy Type 1 in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Excessive Daytime Sleepiness","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/46520","article-title":"Predicting the risk of sleep disorders using a machine learning\u2013based simple questionnaire: development and validation Study","volume":"25","author":"Ha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsae189","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae189","article-title":"The actigraphic evaluation of daytime sleep in central disorders of hypersomnolence: comparison with polysomnography","volume":"47","author":"Biscarini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib25","first-page":"77","article-title":"Validation of a cataplexy questionnaire in 983 sleep-disorders patients","volume":"22","author":"Anic-Labat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022627411411","article-title":"Support-vector networks","volume":"20","author":"Cortes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x","article-title":"Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso","volume":"58","author":"Tibshirani","year":"1996","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc, Ser B Stat Methodol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x","article-title":"Regularization and variable selection via the elastic net","volume":"67","author":"Zou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc, Ser B Stat Methodol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x","article-title":"The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems","volume":"7","author":"Fisher","year":"1936","journal-title":"Ann Eugen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib31","article-title":"Lightgbm: a highly efficient gradient boosting decision tree","volume":"30","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib32","series-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd acm sigkdd international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining","first-page":"785","article-title":"Xgboost: a scalable tree boosting system","author":"Chen","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib33","series-title":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery & data mining","first-page":"2623","article-title":"Optuna: a next-generation hyperparameter optimization framework","author":"Akiba","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1950)3:1<32::AID-CNCR2820030106>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Index for rating diagnostic tests","volume":"3","author":"Youden","year":"1950","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib35","article-title":"A unified approach to interpreting model predictions","volume":"30","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib36","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib37","author":"Ricciardiello"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003787","article-title":"Measurement of narcolepsy symptoms: the narcolepsy severity scale","volume":"88","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Ha et al., \u201cPredicting the Risk of Sleep Disorders Using a Machine Learning-Based Simple Questionnaire: development and Validation Study\u201d, doi: 10.2196\/46520.","DOI":"10.2196\/46520"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2922","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of the multiple sleep latency test in narcolepsy without cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"9","author":"Trotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib41","series-title":"The ICSD-3 and DSM-5 guidelines for diagnosing narcolepsy: clinical relevance and practicality","author":"Ruoff","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.1589","article-title":"Nocturnal rapid eyemovement sleep latency for identifying patients with narcolepsy\/hypocretin deficiency","volume":"70","author":"Andlauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2080","article-title":"Predictors of hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in narcolepsy without cataplexy","volume":"35","author":"Andlauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy238","article-title":"Ullanlinna Narcolepsy Scale in diagnosis of narcolepsy","volume":"42","author":"Sarkanen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945726001668?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945726001668?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T19:35:58Z","timestamp":1774985758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389945726001668"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S1389945726001668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Classification of narcolepsy type 1 using machine learning on Stanford Cataplexy Questionnaire responses and HLA-DQB1\u221706:02","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.108927","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108927"}}