{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T09:28:38Z","timestamp":1784626118259,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T23:34:31Z","timestamp":1778196871000},"page":"109004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Selective vulnerability of the macular ganglion cell layer to nocturnal hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea: A 3-year longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Zhiling","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshuang","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyue","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongwen","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7658-9865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.145","article-title":"Mechanisms of vascular damage in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"7","author":"Kohler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.05.003","article-title":"Diseases of the retina and the optic nerve associated with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"38","author":"Mentek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","article-title":"The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020","volume":"90","author":"Quigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.09.008","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cell loss and patterns of neuroretinal rim thinning at the onset of visual field defects in glaucoma","volume":"281","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14043","article-title":"Normal-tension glaucoma: current concepts and approaches-A review","volume":"50","author":"Leung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib6","first-page":"9","article-title":"Association of choroidal blood flow with autonomic dysfunction in patients with normal tension glaucoma","volume":"12","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02471-6","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Cheong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy624","article-title":"The hypoxic burden of sleep apnoea predicts cardiovascular disease-related mortality: the Osteoporotic fractures in men study and the sleep Heart Health Study","volume":"40","author":"Azarbarzin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-013-1039-4","article-title":"Novel parameters indicate significant differences in severity of obstructive sleep apnea with patients having similar apnea\u2013hypopnea index","volume":"51","author":"Kulkas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701582","article-title":"Retinal nerve fibre layer measurements are reduced in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Kargi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.279","article-title":"Peripapillary retina nerve fiber layer thickness and macular ganglion cell layer thickness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Kara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S226319","article-title":"Ganglion cell complex analysis in glaucoma patients: what can it tell Us?","volume":"12","author":"Scuderi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.307","article-title":"Retinal and choroidal thickness evaluation by SD-OCT in adults with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAS)","volume":"28","author":"Xin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01648-2","article-title":"Ganglion cell layer thickening in patients suffering from obstructive sleep Apnea\u2013Hypopnea syndrome with long mean Apnea\u2013Hypopnea Duration during sleep","volume":"41","author":"Chalkiadaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01937-4","article-title":"Thinning of the inner and outer retinal layers, including the ganglion cell layer and photoreceptor layers, in obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome unrelated to the disease severity","volume":"41","author":"Guven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.947586","article-title":"Diurnal changes of retinal microvascular circulation and RNFL thickness measured by optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with obstructive sleep apnea\u2013hypopnea","volume":"13","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000002193","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"32","author":"Devi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2020.0019","article-title":"Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and optic nerve head parameters in obstructive sleep apnoea patients","volume":"35","author":"Ngoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kor J Ophthalmol : Kor J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01790-w","article-title":"Effect of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and continuous positive airway pressure treatment on choroidal structure","volume":"36","author":"Altinel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib20","first-page":"6939","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea, oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction-An overview of predictive laboratory biomarkers","volume":"24","author":"Orr\u00f9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/608438","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular disease: evidence from human studies","volume":"2015","author":"Eisele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9598","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-2025-1345","article-title":"Hydrogen rescues vascular endothelial cells in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome by modulating nitric oxide","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-023-02930-0","article-title":"Oxidative stress and optical coherence tomography angiography evaluation of choriocapillaris and retinal vessel density in children with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"28","author":"Abdolrahimzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13070878","article-title":"Ocular inflammation and oxidative stress as a result of chronic intermittent hypoxia: a rat model of sleep apnea","volume":"13","author":"Donkor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.223","article-title":"Histological changes of high axial myopia","volume":"28","author":"Jonas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7872","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7896","article-title":"Profile and predictors of normal ganglion cell\u2013inner plexiform layer thickness measured with frequency-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"52","author":"Mwanza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06103-3","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"262","author":"Bulloch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01973-y","article-title":"Associations of sleep apnoea with glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration: an analysis in the United Kingdom biobank and the Canadian longitudinal study on aging","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.08.037","article-title":"Association between sleep apnea risk score and retinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"221","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01518-x","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of retinal microvascular circulation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea\u2013hypopnea using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"40","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-3943-7","article-title":"Parafoveal and optic disc vessel density in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: an optical coherence tomography angiography study","volume":"256","author":"Moyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3506","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21414","article-title":"Reduced retinal vessel density in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients: an optical coherence tomography angiography study","volume":"58","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib33","first-page":"170","article-title":"Microvascular changes in the macular area in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome compared to controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Kazantzis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X241291958","article-title":"Retinal microvascular phenotypes can track small vessel disease burden and CPAP treatment effectiveness in obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"45","author":"Giarratano","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.025","article-title":"Molecular and spatial analysis of ganglion cells on retinal flatmounts identifies perivascular neurons resilient to glaucoma","volume":"113","author":"Nimkar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e3182254cde","article-title":"Comparison of macular ganglion cell complex thickness by fourier-domain OCT in normal tension glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240111","article-title":"Macular microvascular parameters in the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer derived by optical coherence tomography angiography: vascular structure-central visual function analysis","volume":"15","author":"Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314899","article-title":"Thinning rates of retinal nerve layer and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer in various stages of normal tension glaucoma","volume":"104","author":"Inuzuka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib39","article-title":"Role of ocular blood flow in normal tension glaucoma","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Ophthalmol Pract Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.11.010","article-title":"Estimating optical coherence tomography structural measurement floors to improve detection of progression in advanced glaucoma","volume":"175","author":"Bowd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945726002431?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945726002431?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T02:53:47Z","timestamp":1783047227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389945726002431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S1389945726002431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Selective vulnerability of the macular ganglion cell layer to nocturnal hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea: A 3-year longitudinal study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109004"}}