{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:53:43Z","timestamp":1791089623381,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62477007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62477007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008081","name":"Southeast University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4007032322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4007032322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:18:32Z","timestamp":1788995912000},"page":"109263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An EEMD-derived slow-wave activity metric improves association with obstructive sleep apnea severity beyond conventional N3 staging"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Huimin","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Chu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiu-Wen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1887-8631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingran","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Kang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2020.01.007","article-title":"Spatio-temporal properties of sleep slow waves and implications for development","volume":"15","author":"Timofeev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Physiol"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2509626122","article-title":"Human deep sleep facilitates cerebrospinal fluid dynamics linked to spontaneous brain oscillations and neural events","volume":"122","author":"Uji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"6156","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224","article-title":"Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain","volume":"342","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2762","article-title":"The memory function of sleep","volume":"11","author":"Diekelmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3494","article-title":"Sleep and the single neuron: the role of global slow oscillations in individual cell rest","volume":"14","author":"Vyazovskiy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2172","article-title":"Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events. Deliberations of the sleep apnea definitions task force of the American academy of sleep medicine","volume":"8","author":"Berry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.592978","article-title":"Multicomponent analysis of sleep using electrocortical, respiratory, autonomic and hemodynamic signals reveals distinct features of stable and unstable NREM and REM sleep","volume":"11","author":"Wood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.751730","article-title":"New and emerging approaches to better define sleep disruption and its consequences","volume":"15","author":"Lechat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9538","article-title":"Interrater reliability of sleep stage scoring: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf063","article-title":"Is it time to revisit the scoring of slow wave (N3) sleep?","volume":"48","author":"Davidson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-3-7","article-title":"Nonlinear analysis of EEG signals at different mental states","volume":"3","author":"Natarajan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7467","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11513-0","article-title":"Slow wave synchronization and sleep state transitions","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib13","series-title":"The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications","author":"Iber","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13066","article-title":"On the rise and fall of the apnea\u2212hypopnea index: a historical review and critical appraisal","volume":"29","author":"Pevernagie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib15","article-title":"Cardiovascular benefit of continuous positive airway pressure according to high-risk obstructive sleep apnoea: a multi-trial analysis","author":"Azarbarzin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-11-200106050-00007","article-title":"Treatment with continuous positive airway pressure is not effective in patients with sleep apnea but no daytime sleepiness - a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"134","author":"Barb\u00e9","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599812464468","article-title":"Composite severity indices reflect sleep apnea disease burden more comprehensively than the apnea-hypopnea index","volume":"148","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surg (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13213323","article-title":"A review of novel oximetry parameters for the prediction of cardiovascular disease in obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-019-1228-3","article-title":"Cardiovascular consequences of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"21","author":"Dredla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200707-114MG","article-title":"Pathophysiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"5","author":"Eckert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.50.3.262","article-title":"Cardiovascular consequences of sleep-disordered breathing: contribution of animal models to understanding of the human disease","volume":"50","author":"Dematteis","year":"2009","journal-title":"ILAR J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020277","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation biomarker expression in obstructive sleep apnea patients","volume":"10","author":"Maniaci","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-014-0535-y","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and acute coronary syndromes: etiology, risk, and management","volume":"16","author":"Cepeda-Valery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib24","first-page":"375","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: where do we stand?","volume":"27","author":"Peker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anatol J Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib25","first-page":"1077","article-title":"The sleep heart health study: design, rationale, and methods","volume":"20","author":"Quan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocy064","article-title":"The national sleep research resource: towards a sleep data commons","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib27","series-title":"U.S. national institute of neurological diseases and blindness, neurological information network","article-title":"Techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects","author":"Rechtschaffen","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.03.047","article-title":"Nocturnal oxygen resaturation parameters are associated with cardiorespiratory comorbidities","volume":"118","author":"Howarth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793536909000047","article-title":"Ensemble empirical mode decomposition: a noise-assisted data analysis method","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Adapt Data Anal"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-cus-2020-008","article-title":"Apnoea-hypopnoea-index comparing the 2007 and 2012 American academy of sleep medicine criteria in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\/obstructive sleep apnoea overlap syndrome","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.87.2.245","article-title":"Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix","volume":"87","author":"Steiger","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13523","article-title":"Understanding the interplay of sleep and aging: methodological challenges","volume":"57","author":"Muehlroth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab125","article-title":"The aging slow wave: a shifting amalgam of distinct slow wave and spindle coupling subtypes define slow wave sleep across the human lifespan","volume":"44","author":"McConnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/5.2.195","article-title":"A modified method for scoring slow wave sleep of older subjects","volume":"5","author":"Webb","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa186","article-title":"Are age and sex effects on sleep slow waves only a matter of electroencephalogram amplitude?","volume":"44","author":"Rosinvil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frsle.2024.1322995","article-title":"From macro to micro: slow-wave sleep and its pivotal health implications","author":"Ishii","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib37","article-title":"Association between slow-wave activity from multi-night At-Home wireless EEG records and cognitive performance in older adults","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae303","article-title":"Nocturnal blood pressure: the hidden link between sleep apnea and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy?","volume":"48","author":"Piani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy256","article-title":"Slow-wave activity surrounding stage N2 K-complexes and daytime function measured by psychomotor vigilance test in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"42","author":"Parekh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12185907","article-title":"REM-OSA as a tool to understand both the architecture of sleep and pathogenesis of sleep apnea-literature review","volume":"12","author":"Karuga","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2025.100574","article-title":"Slow-wave sleep, oxygen desaturation, and memory consolidation in sleep-disturbed individuals","volume":"25","author":"Kuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Clin Health Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68394-8","article-title":"Low arousal threshold is associated with altered functional connectivity of the ascending reticular activating system in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"14","author":"Byun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202309-777OC","article-title":"All obstructive sleep apnea events are not created equal: the relationship between event-related hypoxemia and physiologic response","volume":"21","author":"Hajipour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91329-6","article-title":"Association between nocturnal activity of the sympathetic nervous system and cognitive dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"11","author":"Alomri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib45","first-page":"47","article-title":"Heart rate variability analysis in obstructive sleep apnea patients with daytime sleepiness","author":"Ucak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41606-024-00120-9","article-title":"Sleep fragmentation and hypoxaemia as key indicators of cognitive impairment in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"9","author":"Georgeson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Science and Practice"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945726005022?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945726005022?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:24:27Z","timestamp":1791087867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389945726005022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S1389945726005022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An EEMD-derived slow-wave activity metric improves association with obstructive sleep apnea severity beyond conventional N3 staging","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109263","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109263"}}