{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:53:43Z","timestamp":1791089623402,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:30:31Z","timestamp":1790098231000},"page":"109279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pooled prevalence of sleep paralysis in South Asian countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Harshita","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitu","family":"Barod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupama","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Partha","family":"Haldar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2223-5463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gautam","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5042-1","article-title":"The neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations: Serotonin 2A activation and a novel therapeutic drug","volume":"235","author":"Jalal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmp.2025.142008","article-title":"How does Glycine\/GABA inhibition exacerbate the vicious correlative cycle of sleep paralysis and bipolar disorder mania?","volume":"14","author":"Barton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open J Med Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib3","first-page":"501","article-title":"Prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in Black subjects","volume":"76","author":"Bell","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S100307","article-title":"A clinician's guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis","volume":"12","author":"Sharpless","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Dis Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31083\/JIN38979","article-title":"Sleep paralysis: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment strategies","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib6","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical characteristics of sleeping paralysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Hefnawy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2009.00098.x","article-title":"The assessment of the phenomenology of sleep paralysis: the unusual sleep experiences questionnaire (USEQ)","volume":"15","author":"Paradis","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.65413","article-title":"Recent insights into sleep paralysis: mechanisms and management","author":"Bhalerao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A448","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae067.01043","article-title":"1043 prevalence of sleep paralysis in medical students across India- a cross sectional study","volume":"47","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib10","article-title":"Frequency and factors of sleep paralysis among medical students of Karachi","volume":"15","author":"Muzammil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4103\/ijabmr.IJABMR_19_18","article-title":"Sleep paralysis, a medical condition with a diverse cultural interpretation","volume":"8","author":"Olunu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Appl Basic Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib12","series-title":"Religion and politics in south Asia","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib13","article-title":"South Asia | Geography, history, countries, conflicts, population, & Map","author":"Alexeeva","year":"2026","journal-title":"Encyclopedia Britannica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12811-y","article-title":"An epidemiological, strategic and response analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia: a population-based observational study","volume":"22","author":"Salman","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib16","series-title":"The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of Non-Randomized studies in Meta-Analysis","author":"Wells","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib17","article-title":"CRITERIA USED IN RISK OF BIAS ASSESSMENT. Effects of nurse-managed protocols in the outpatient management of adults with chronic conditions","author":"Shaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"NCBI Bookshelf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib19","first-page":"160","article-title":"Observations on sleep-paralysis","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"1961","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.93601","article-title":"Sleep-related disorders among a healthy population in South India","volume":"60","author":"Panda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.07.057","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in 'migraine without aura'\u2014A questionnaire based study","volume":"321","author":"Karthik","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.93602","article-title":"Clinical and polysomnographic characteristics in 20 North Indian patients with narcolepsy: a seven-year experience from a neurology service sleep clinic","volume":"60","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_888_16","article-title":"A four year experience in narcolepsy from a sleep clinic at a tertiary care centre with a short review of contemporary Indian literature","volume":"148","author":"Ray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_293_18","article-title":"Central disorders of hypersomnolence in children and adults: a comparative Study from South India","volume":"22","author":"Trivedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10069-0111","article-title":"Sleep paralysis: prevalence in Indian college students, locus of control and susceptibility to stress","volume":"18","author":"Reshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.55229\/ijbs.v27i1.03","article-title":"Prevalence of parasomnias and Restless leg syndrome in patients taking psychotropic medications (antidepressants and antipsychotics): a cross-sectional hospital-based Study","volume":"27","author":"Avinash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Behav Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib27","series-title":"Prevalence and cause of sleep paralysis more among 22-25yrs Age Group female medical students: an evidence based Survey Study","author":"Krishna","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib28","author":"Bhat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib29","article-title":"Relationship between dream meaning attribution and sleep paralysis experiences","author":"Anumulapelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Indian Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib30","first-page":"65","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep paralysis among hostelite females of university of Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"46","author":"Habiba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rawal Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib31","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep paralysis in the medical students of a local medical college","volume":"3","author":"Ijaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"MedERA J CMH LMC IOD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib32","article-title":"Association of sleep paralysis with PTSD symptoms, pathological worry and perceived stress","volume":"4","author":"Ikhlaq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pulm Respir Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib33","article-title":"Predictors of sleep paralysis and relationship of sleep paralysis with sleep quality in university students of Islamabad","volume":"72","author":"Riaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pakistan Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib34","article-title":"Effects of sleep paralysis on human psychology","author":"Sudais","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Sq"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib35","first-page":"307","article-title":"Sleep quality and sleep paralysis in Pakistani undergraduate medical students","volume":"30","author":"Menahal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.09.022","article-title":"Experiences and beliefs related to sleep paralysis among the general population of the twin cities: a cross-sectional study","volume":"124","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib37","first-page":"759","article-title":"Manifestation of sleep paralysis among clinical and non-clinical population; A comparative Study","volume":"4","author":"Raza","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Health Rehabil Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111435","article-title":"Between sleep and wakefulness: how sleep quality and stress affect isolated sleep paralysis \u2013 a cross-sectional survey","volume":"139","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib39","first-page":"165","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of sleep disturbances in school children in A divisional City of Bangladesh","volume":"38","author":"Rasul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pakistan Pediatr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.01.007","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence rates of sleep paralysis: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Sharpless","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.08.013","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and characteristics of sleep paralysis in Italian university students population","volume":"122","author":"Colombo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103529","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical picture of sleep paralysis in a Polish student sample","volume":"17","author":"Wr\u00f3bel-Knybel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04003-0","article-title":"Risk factors of sleep paralysis in a population of Polish students","volume":"22","author":"Wr\u00f3bel-Knybel","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.47264\/idea.lassij\/1.2.1","article-title":"Conflicts and conflict management in SAARC: assessing challenges and the way forward","volume":"1","author":"Idrees","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lib Arts Soc Sci Int J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-025-09749-3","article-title":"Sleep medicine \u2013 exploring its emerging relevance in Otorhinolaryngology","volume":"283","author":"Hofauer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/picr.picr_157_24","article-title":"Crafting an effective questionnaire: an essential prerequisite of engaging surveys","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Perspect Clin Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14060598","article-title":"Revolutionizing Sleep Health: the emergence and impact of Personalized Sleep medicine","volume":"14","author":"Garbarino","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Personalized Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70090","article-title":"The future of parasomnias","volume":"34","author":"Picard\u2010Deland","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2007.01.002","article-title":"Paranoid delusions and threatening hallucinations: a prospective study of sleep paralysis experiences","volume":"16","author":"Cheyne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Conscious Cognit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S158600","article-title":"Relationships between sleep paralysis and sleep quality: current insights","volume":"10","author":"Denis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1040769","article-title":"The incubus phenomenon: prevalence, frequency and risk factors in psychiatric inpatients and university undergraduates","volume":"13","author":"Molendijk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.05.005","article-title":"A systematic review of variables associated with sleep paralysis","volume":"38","author":"Denis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945726005186?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1389945726005186?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:24:35Z","timestamp":1791087875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1389945726005186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S1389945726005186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pooled prevalence of sleep paralysis in South Asian countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2026.109279","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109279"}}